Dame Lyonet and Dame Lyonesse :: Morte Darthur Lyonet Lyonesse Essays

Dame Lyonet and Dame LyonesseDame Lyonet was first mentioned in the book, Le Morte Darthur, which has many tales about the Arthurian time. Dame Lyonet was mentioned in the tale of Sir Gareth of Orkney. In this tale Lyonet was sent to find a noble knight to rescue her sister from the scarlet Knight of the Red Launds.When she came to King Arthurs court to ask of such a knight to aid her, a man to the name of Sir Beaumains asked to be the one to rescue the sister of Lyonet. At this oral sex of the tale Sir Beaumains was considered to be not as noble as Lyonet had cherished. Beaumains wouldnt leave her on her journey back to her sister. Lyonet kept referring to Beaumains as a kitchen scallywag from King Arthurs court and would give him no respect as a knight. Throughout the journey Beaumains would not reveal his true identity and Lyonet kept wishing him gone. She would tell all of the knights that they came across in their journey what kind of man he was and taunt them to get them t o fight. Every time Beaumains would win. Finally Beumains overcame the Red knight of the Red Launds and spelld Lyonets sister, Dame Lyonesse. Once Lyonesse was freed she fell madly in love with Beaumains and wanted to be with him. Everytime Lyonesse would sneak into the room to be with Beaumains Lyonet would send a knight into the room and to do great harm to Beaumains so that they could not do the things they were trying to do. Lyonet never trusted Beaumains to be a truly noble knight until his name was revealed and his lineage was known. This tale reveals much about who Lyonet was and what she did. Lyonet was a strong-willed woman who went through great deal to save her sister from not only the Red Knight but also from doing things with Beaumains before they were married. She wasnt very trusting with people she came across and did not study them to be what they said. Although Beaumains tried in many ways to prove himself it took many trials to prove he was a noble knight to Lyon et. She had strong feelings about what she wanted from men, herself and for her sister. She settled for nothing but the best. Lyonet was know as the woman who called Sir Gareth the kitchen knave while he was doing her great honor by following her to save her sister.

The Handmaids Tale Essay -- Margaret Atwood Handmaids Tale Essays

The Handmaids TaleThe Handmaids Tale, written by Margaret Attwood, goes on to explore the consequences that come about to be from the reversal of womens rights in a society called Gilead. It is what one can consider a cautionary tale. In the new world of Gilead, a radical of conservative religious extremists pack taken power, and have turned the sexual revolution upside down. The society of Gilead is founded on what is to be considered a return to tralatitious values, gender components and the subjugation of women by men, and the Bible is used as the guiding principle. It differs completely from the society, which was once the place in which Feminists argued for liberation from the traditional gender roles. What women had worked unwaveringly for in the area of gaining rights to birth control, legalization of abortion and an increasing number of active female voters, had been completely reversed in a short close of time. Not only were women now forbidden to vote in Gilead, they were also denied the right to read or write, according to the new laws of the establishment. The Handmaids Tale portrays that of a undemocratic society, and reflects a dystopia, which goes on to explore the interaction between sexuality and politics. The main character within the novel is Offred, who also happens to be a handmaid in the Republic of Gilead. Offred is not the Narrators real name it is her handmaid name, which is derived from the word of followed by her Commanders name. Because of low birth rates, Handmaids are assigned to bear the children for the elite couples within Gilead, who have trouble conceiving. Offred serves the Commander and his wife Serena Joy. Serena was once an advocate for the concept of traditional values, before the establishment of Gi... ...ppression and the dangers of a patriarchal society. The Handmaids Tale has many elements of social refuse written into its plot. From the way women are mistreated to the way corruption and evil have infiltrated the government and army, to the way the black market plays a key role in many peoples lives causing a majority of society to become criminals makes it clear how social decline plays a key role in the book. on that point is also a strong sense of moral decline in the book. If a person, regardless of sex, doesnt fit into the role expectation, he or she is eliminated, exiled from Gilead, and left for dead. Dystopia, the closing determinant in the success of The Handmaids Tale is an imaginary world gone sour through idealism that fails to correspond to the expectations, principles, and behaviors of real people. Works Cited Atwood, Margaret. The Handmaids Tale

Modernization Vs. Dependency Theory Essay -- Political Science

LDC Advisement Modernization Theory vs Dependency TheoryThe path to modernisation is unmatchable never clearly defined. The following report will attempt to analyze and critique our nations potential options concerning social and fiscal policy and recitation this information in an attempt to recommend rising policy agenda. We will be dealing with primarily two theories on national (i.e. LDC) policy - modernization theory and dependency theory. Both possess their own sets of costs and benefits as well as they do policy approaches. But before we go further, we mustiness compare the two in attempt to see if either would compromise our governments mandate.Currently our nation has found itself at a juncture between the progress the westmostern world has to offer and our own historical values and pagan integrity. We have various entities prodding us toward opposite ends of the spectrum. Our unknown investors wish only for further industrialization and perhaps political stability t o further their own aims while certain conservative elements at home awe we our losing our cultural identity. A modernist approach would align itself with that of our foreign investors and MNCs operating within our country. The theory claims that our society suffers from being traditional in so far as that we sacrifice economic and industrial progress by placing too great a focus on our cultural heritage (which largely includes sacred ideals). The theory goes on to state that in order to modernize we must make further efforts to secularize our governmental processes and as have many western-industrialized nations break away church and state to as great a deal as possible. While such an approach may satisfy foreign fiscal interests we run a very real risk of a political backlash due to this cultural-imperialism of the west. If this backlash were to lead to internal instability we may not only scare off potential foreign investments but also compromise our own legitimacy to rule. This may effectively place our state in a worse position than with which we began The approach of the dependencistas however would allow for overmuch greater cultural preservation though it is an approach not as much favored by the western powers-that-be. Dependency theory supports the notion that the western world wishes to impose its customs/ideals/etc. upon all - regardless of the cult... ...e recommendation entails as follows The country leads to set both short and long-term goals for itself, each based on a specific theory of development. In the near future we need to ensure internal political stability while adopting a modernization approach to development. Groups that may present opposition to any resulting cultural changes need to be dealt with in some way - preferably a peaceful way, as we make our country more(prenominal) attractive to western investment. As more revenue/educational-opportunity/technological-exposure/etc. becomes available we should begin reinvesting i n the infrastructure of our nation via ISI. The increased capital and knowledge we will have gained as the result of cooperation with the west should allow us to be much more competitive in the international marketplace. Specialization in a high-tech field could help us see further autonomy in the international realm. Education, goal-setting, and political stability will all be of top priority if our development plans wish to have a chance of succeeding. If we can maintain focus in our policy, we should be able to achieve much greater levels of development with only minimal cultural disintegration.

Affirmative Action in California: Has It Outlived Its Purpose? Essay

Affirmative Action In California Has It Outlived Its Purpose?INTRODUCTIONIn the past, most California frequent agencies believed that affirmative action was an in force(p) tool in the fight to correct discrimination. The main intent of affirmative action was to protect women, minorities and handicap individuals from discrimination (Hill, 1998,1). Affirmative action has been used in areas such as public employment, education and contracts. But today, some public agencies are questioning the meaning of affirmative action. The opponents of affirmative action believe that it encourages discriminative hiring practices and reverse discrimination. They have also taken a strong stance towards the elimination of affirmative action through the California Civil Rights Initiative marriage proposal 209 (http//www.ca.gov.). The supporters of affirmative action, however, still maintain that it is needed to prevent artificial barriers in the treatment of workers and hiring and admission practic es (http//www.co.la.ca.us.). Even though Proposition 209 was passed by California voters, this has non discouraged professional organizations such as Americans United for Affirmative Action (http//www.auaa.org) and the American Association for Affirmative Action (http//www.affirmativeaction.org) who are still committed to educating the public on the importance of affirmative action.The concept of affirmative action has always been and continues to be a very controversial topic. This paper will focus on the positive and negative viewpoints of affirmative action as well as the future of its existence.AFFIRMATIVE ACTION ORIGIN AND MEANING.The existence of discriminatory behavior against minorities was the booster cable force in the creation of the ... ...ve action, it has not stopped professional organizations such as the AUAA and the AAAA from informing the public about the past success and importance of affirmative action.It is not clear whether affirmative action will continue to be a part of the fight against discrimination in the United States. It is clear however, that affirmative action will continue to be highly debated issue for many more years. BibliographyLarson, Richard and McDonald, Laughlin (1980). The Rights of Racial Minorities Affirmative action. Avon Books 82-89.Goldman, Alan (1977). (Affirmative action. In Marshall Cohen, ed., Equality and preferential treatment. Princeton, youthful Jersey Princeton University Press, 192-209.Hill, John (1998). County of Los Angeles position on the California Civil Rights Initiative Memo to the Los Angeles Board of Supervisors, 1-5.

Alternative Transportation & Greenways System Plan Essay -- Transporta

Alternative Transportation & Greenways System PlanIn Transportation Alternatives Bicycle Blueprint for the five boroughs of New York City, John Kaehny, executive director, states Making greenway networks a reality will require partnership between planners and advocates, on the one hand, and public officials controlling purse strings on the other. Local take officials, particularly metropolis council members and borough pre gradientnts, have to be reminded that greenways can multiply the value and variety of open space in the region at very emit cost in public resources under ISTEA, bike and pedestrian projects may be paid for using a 20/80 local/ federal matching formula. Whats more, by offering fresh transport, recreation, quiet and sheer visual relief, this enhanced open space can increase property values for some(prenominal) residential and commercial uses along the route. Greenways can also save or generate money by reducing infrastructure and energy costs, improving air qual ity and public health, and boosting tourism.1 Of course, Bloomington is a far cry from New York City but the statements made above hold just as strongly for the metropolis of Bloomington, Indiana as for any other community interested in developing an alternative transportation greenway network. Over the past several months the city of Bloomington has been holding a series of public meetings and discussions to aid Bloomington planners in the creation of a greenways plan for the community. The city already has miles of alternative transportation routes, including bike routes and lanes, trails, side paths, and multi-use trails, and the idea is to connect the parts, states Tom Micuda, Bloomington Planning Director.2In fact, even before the public meetings began a grou... ...ricia Collingwood, City of Bloomington Planning Manager, and Josh Desmond, City of Bloomington Senior Planner, at City Hall on knock against 2, 2001. Follow-up meeting with Josh Desmond on March 30, 2001.Interview / phone conversation with Steve Cotter, Bloomington Parks and Recreation, on March 29, 2001.Johnson, Jennifer. Parking Revenue at $2.5 Million. Indiana Daily Student, January 29, 2001.Johnson, Marda. Ideas Sought to Link Greenways in Bloomington. Herald-Times, February 19, 2001.Johnson, Marda. Greenways Wish List Assembled. Herald-Times, February 21, 2001.Peck, Nick. Motorless in Montreal. Utne Reader, March-April 2001.Stuebe, Gayle et al. Friends of the Limestone Trail article from the Herald-Times provided by Scott Burgins.Transportation Alternatives The Electronic Bicycle Blueprint at http//www.transalt.org/blueprint/index.html

Alternative Transportation & Greenways System Plan Essay -- Transporta

Alternative Transportation & Greenways System PlanIn Transportation Alternatives Bicycle Blueprint for the five boroughs of New York city, John Kaehny, executive director, states Making greenway networks a reality will require partnership between planners and advocates, on the one hand, and public officials controlling purse strings on the other. Local elected officials, particularly city council members and borough presidents, have to be reminded that greenways can multiply the value and variety of open space in the region at very low cost in public resources under ISTEA, bike and pedestrian projects may be paid for using a 20/80 local/federal matching formula. Whats more, by offering fresh air, recreation, quiet and sheer visual relief, this enhanced open space can increase office values for both residential and commercial uses along the route. Greenways can also save or generate money by reducing infrastructure and cogency costs, improving air quality and public health, and boo sting tourism.1 Of course, Bloomington is a far cry from New York City but the statements made above hold just as strongly for the city of Bloomington, Indiana as for any other community interested in developing an alternative tape transport greenway network. Over the past times several months the city of Bloomington has been holding a series of public meetings and discussions to aid Bloomington planners in the creation of a greenways plan for the community. The city already has miles of alternative transportation routes, including bike routes and lanes, trails, side paths, and multi-use trails, and the idea is to connect the parts, states Tom Micuda, Bloomington Planning Director.2In fact, even before the public meetings began a grou... ...ricia Collingwood, City of Bloomington Planning Manager, and Josh Desmond, City of Bloomington Senior Planner, at City Hall on March 2, 2001. Follow-up meeting with Josh Desmond on March 30, 2001.Interview / phone conversation with Steve Cotter , Bloomington pose and Recreation, on March 29, 2001.Johnson, Jennifer. Parking Revenue at $2.5 Million. Indiana Daily Student, January 29, 2001.Johnson, Marda. Ideas Sought to Link Greenways in Bloomington. Herald-Times, February 19, 2001.Johnson, Marda. Greenways Wish List Assembled. Herald-Times, February 21, 2001.Peck, Nick. Motorless in Montreal. Utne Reader, March-April 2001.Stuebe, Gayle et al. Friends of the Limestone hang back article from the Herald-Times provided by Scott Burgins.Transportation Alternatives The Electronic Bicycle Blueprint at http//www.transalt.org/blueprint/index.html

Domestic vs International Trade

Domestic Vs Intertheme make out Mohammad Tariqul Islam Domestic Trade Trade among parties in the same terra firma. Domestic stack is the exchange of goods, services, or both within the confines of a national territory. They are always aimed at a single market. It always deal with moreover mavin set of competitive, economic, and market issues. The trading is always with a single set of customers all the time, though the conjunction may have several segments in a market. Finally local mountain or home throw or Domestic betray may be sub-divided into Wholesale contend, and Retail trade. world-wide Trade Trade among parties residing in contrary countries. International trade is the exchange of capital, goods, and services across foreign casts or territories. In most countries, much(prenominal) trade represents a significant share of gross domestic help product (GDP). While world(prenominal) trade has been present throughout much of history, its economic, social, and gov ernmental importance has been on the get on in recent centuries. Some difference in the midst of International trade and local or domestic tradeInternational trade is in principle non different fromdomestic trade as the penury and the behavior of parties involved in a trade do not change fundamentally regardless of whether trade is across a border or not. The main difference is that international trade is typically more equally than domestic trade. The reason is that a border typically imposes additional costs such astariffs, time costs due to border delays and costs associated with country differences such as language, the legal dust or culture.An former(a) difference in the midst of domestic and international trade is thatfactors of productionsuch as capital and cut intoare typically more alert within a country than across countries. Thus international trade is mostly restricted to trade in goods and services, and only to a lesser uttermost to trade in capital, labour pa rty or other factors of production. Advantages and Disadvantages of international Trade Advantage of international trade Monetary gains to the respective country indulging in trade. More variety of goods available for consumers. Better quality of goods. Competition both at the international level as well as local level. hand-to-handties amidst nations. More exchange of technical know-how. Local producers will try to improve the quality of their products. Increase inemploymentlocally. Disadvantage of international trade Local production may suffer Local industries may be overshadowed by their international competitors Rich countries may influence political matters in other countries and gain control over weaker nations. Ideological differences may emerge between nations with regard to the procedures in trade practices.Read likewise Recording General line Operating Budget and Operating TransactionsInternational trade is beneficial to world economy. It adds to the money c offers of the world at large. Every country can benefit monetarily if it is able to thrash off its surplus goods after meeting the requirements of the local bulk. Key differences International trade is, in principle, not different from domestic trade as the motivation and the behavior of parties involved in a trade do not change fundamentally regardless of whether trade is across a border or not. The main difference is that international trade is typically more costly than domestic trade.The reason is that a border typically imposes additional costs such as tariffs, time costs due to border delays and costs associated with country differences such as language, the legal system or culture. Another difference between domestic and international trade is that factors of production such as capital and labor are typically more mobile within a country than across countries. Thus international trade is mostly restricted to trade in goods and services, and only to a lesser extent to tr ade in capital, labor or other factors of production.Trade in goods and services can serve as a substitute for trade in factors of production. Within a country labour and capital prods freely to get maximum returns. These factors of production do not move with such freedom among different countries due to differences in culture, climate, language, customs and political restrictions obligate by regulatory authorities. This immobility gives rig out to wage and interest differentials among countries. Different coin system introduces additional cost and risk in international trade as the value of currencies is constantly subject to variations. As long distances involved transport costs for international transactions are higher than for domestic trades. Home trade is called domestic trade in some countries. These are the differences as seen by me. 1. For home trades, pays could be made in home currency only. Foreign trades are to be paid invariably in convertible currencies. 2. Ho me trades generally have no restrictions of movement within the country. In international trade, there are restrictions as to movement of specific goods to specified countries. 3. Home trades have taxes levied by the Government and local bodies.International trades have levies called customs duties. These invariably go to the Federal Government. 4. Documents for domestic trades are comparatively simple and easy to understand and follow. Foreign trades have a different set of documents which must be filed in every case. 5. Insurance of commissions sent on foreign trade are compulsory in home trade it is optional. 6. Usually, foreign trades are preceded by payment or promises of payment made by international foreign exchange traders (also called Letters of Credit. In domestic trades, payments are realised usually after the trade is executed. Depending on the credit rating of the parties concerned, even a simple promise is not taken. Letters of Credit in domestic trades is not common save not ruled out. 7. Credibility of parties can be got verified in foreign trades through the trade representatives of the countries involved in the transaction. 8. On receipt of consignment at a foreign country, the documents are handed over to the buyers only after payment is realised.Thereafter, the Banks concerned remit the payments to the sellers through normal international banking channels. In respect of domestic trades, bankers may or may not be the intermediaries. Payments can be directly sent to the sellers by the buying party. 9. Under the unite Nations charter, goods prohibited for specific countries cannot be sent to them by member countries. Penalties extending to boycott of trade with that country may follow. In domestic trades, such prohibitions do not exist. (Example selling atomic energy raw materials to Iran, Iraq etc. 10. International trades are further government by agreements between member countries of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. Domestic or h ome trades are not subject to such agreements. An international contrast is a business whose activities are carried out across national borders. This differs from a domestic business because a domestic business is a business whose activities are carried out within the borders of its geographic location. A domestic company is one that confines its activities to the local market, be it city, state, or the ountry it is in. It deals, generally, with one currency, local customs and cultures, business laws of commerce, taxes and products and services of a local nature. The international company, on the other hand deals with businesses and governments in one or more foreign countries and is subject to treaties, tariffs. currency rates of exchange, politics, cultural differences, taxes, fees, and penalties of each country it is doing business in. It may also be conducting business in its home country, but the emphasis is on trading in the international marketplace.Differences between Domes tic and International Trade International Trade The exchange of goods and services between countries is called International Trade. Inter-Regional Trade The exchange of goods and services with in a country is called Inter-regional Trade. Differences between International and Inter-regional Trade and contract for a separate theory A number of things which make difference between international and inter-regional are given as under. We can understand from these reasons that it gives rise to a separate theory of international trade. . Factor Mobility Labour and capital as factor of production do not move freely from one country to another country as they do with in the same country. Thus labour and capital are regarded as immobile between countries spell they are perfectly mobile within a country. Adam Smith said Man is of all forms of luggage, the most difficult to transport. Differences in cost of production can not be removed by moving and money. The result is the movement of goods . On the contrary between regions with in the same olitical boundaries, people distribute themselves more or less according to the opportunities. Real wages and standard of living tend to seek a common level though they are not wholly uniform as between national these differences continue to persist and check population movements. Capital also does not move freely from one country to another country. 2. Different Currencies Each country has a different currency. Buying and selling between nations give rise to complications rattlebrained in internal trade. This hampers smooth flow of trade as between one country and another country.A large number of foreign exchange problems resurrect in number of foreign trade which are non-existent in inter-regional trade. 3. Different national Policies Different needs lead countries to pursue divergent national policies and not only with respect to foreign exchange rates. National Policies differ in a wide matter of domestic matters affecting i nternational economic relations, wages, prices, competition, investment, business regulation etc and often involve interference directly in international economic intercourse in tarrifs, exchange controls, non-tarrif barriers and the like. . Different Political Circumstances in general countries differ in political circumstances. In inter-regional trade, trade takes place among same people. But international trade takes place among people of different cultures, habits and languages. These cultural distinctions between markets, important in the absence of different national measures have led political scientists to take look at the nature of countries. 5. Difference in National Resources Different countries are endowed with different type of natural resources.They tend to specialise, in the production of those commodities in which they are richly endowed and trade them with others where such resources are scare. 6. Geographical and climatic differences Every country cannot produce a nd commodities due to geographical and climatic conditions, except at possibly prohibitive costs. Countries having climatic and geographical advantage specialise in the production of particular commodities and trade them with others. 7. Different Markets International markets are different in various aspects.Even the system of weights and measures and pattern and styles in machinery and equipment differ from country to country. Goods which are traded within regions may not interchange in other countries. This is why in great many cases products to be sold in foreign countries are especially designed to confirm to the national characteristics of that country. 8. Problem of Balance of Payments The problem of balance of payments is perpetual in international trade while regions with in a country have no such problem. 9. Restrictions on Trade Trade between different countries is not free.There are restrictions imposed by custom duties, exchange restrictions, fixed quotas or other tarri f barriers. 10. Ignorance Differences in culture, language and religion stand in the way of free communication between different countries. In inter-regional trade labour and capital freely moves about. These factors too make internal trade different from international trade. 11. Transport and Insurance be The cost of transport and insurance also check the free international trade. The greater the distance between the two countries the greater the cost and insurances.

Business Strategy And Economics

AbstractThis stem is cerebrateed on the importance of profligate purpose as described in the precept of Professor Clayton Christensen.The premier part of the paper introduces a pipeline report of Christensens scheme on churning innovation. The focus is on major assumptions of this theory, as they atomic number 18 use to the execution of instrument of one of the leading European airline companies, Ryanair. Moreover, the second part of the paper outlines a plan that clarifies how the professors tenet enhances the potential of individuals to attain forward to a sustainable and roaring future based on the model of disruptive innovation.Introduction The theory on disruptive innovation has gained tolerable importance in the global business environment. Introduced by Professor Clayton Christensen, this theory emphasises that companies should refocus their capacities and resources on technology in arrange to achieve a sustainable competitive advantage and outgrowth in parti cular market segments (Christensen et al., 2008). luxuriant innovation is a powerful tool to drive the expansion of companies that are refer with the attainment of semipermanent success (Christensen, 1997). The objective of this paper is to provide a business report on the theory of disruptive innovation as employ in the case of Ryanair, as sanitary as to outline a plan of how the professors teaching stand lead to developing of a sustainable and triple-crown future, as human beings.Business ReportIn The Innovators Dilemma, Clayton Christensen (1997) introduced his unambiguous concept on disruptive innovation. Disruptive innovations are unremarkably initiated as versions of harvest-feasts and services that already exist in the market, entirely they are identified as less desirable due to the aspect of disdain quality. However, such products and services tend to improve with time and thus gain recognition among major customer population (Christensen et al., 2008). The concep tual framework of disruptive innovation is based on opportunity recognition, which is associated with the gene proportionalityn of useful ideas done implementing a past, present and future approach. The importance of considering past events deliver been acknowledged as a way to understand the specificity of how certain innovations have occurred (Cortez, 2014). Awareness of flowing trends in a particular business sector should be maintained in order to demonstrate disruptive innovation. Moreover, presenting possible scenarios is another essential step of this approach that could help companies gain a strong competitive advantage (Christensen, 1997).Disruptive innovations tush be perceived as factor changers in the sense that they shape the markets into which specific products and services are introduced (Govindarajan et al., 2011). on that pointfore, disruptive innovations can refer to any product or service that has successfully altered dimensions of behaviour or technology in a particular market. It can be augurd that disruptive innovation usually characterises as low-end innovation and invigorated market innovation (Christensen et al., 2008). Low-end innovation takes place when leaders tend to implement a system of over-supplying the needs of their customers with substantial proficient capability or services that they may not actually need. As a force, a vacuum is created within such low-end market, which in turn reflects in a situation where customers with low demands are more likely to achieve their goals at lower cost (Jang, 2013). This aspect illustrates the validity of the theory on disruptive innovation considering the numerous examples of successful companies that have relied on this strategy, including Apple, Ryanair, and Rolls Royce.The second type of disruptive innovation, new market innovation, is focused on the formation of a new niche of customers by the introduction of new products or services. Individuals can be facilitated to comple te certain procedures or processes that have been previously identified as contend or quite demanding in terms of requiring a wide range of skills and knowledge (Christensen, 1997). However, established organisations usually demonstrate a trend to ignore the growth of new markets because of the prevailing conception that such markets are low margin. Similarly to low-end disruptive innovation, new market innovation indicates the importance of enhancing product offerings and expanding product niches (Habtay, 2012). fierceness is put on attracting customers away from recognised or established products and services. Substantial disruption takes place as a direct result of this process, as the impertinently introduced products and services have the power to change the existing market on a permanent basis (Maldonado, 2014). The theory of disruptive innovation is valid because of the focus it maintains on the capacity of companies to refocus on technology advancements to optimise their performance.An example of the theory on disruptive innovation in practice can be found in the business operations of Ryanair. In the 1990s, leading airline European companies in the industry decided that the opportunities arising from the implementation of a low-cost strategy do not present a substantial threat to their market (Paton, 2013). Yet, newcomers in the European airline industry, such as EasyJet, applied the example of Ryanairs point-to-point strategy. A direct outcome of this initiative was the creation of a low-cost niche market, which led to significant shifts in market behaviour as well as technology utilisation (Maldonado, 2014). It can be suggested that such niche of customers have realised the importance of Ryanairs strategy even though they have not been identified as regular flyers. In addition, the low-cost and no frills strategy soon started to attract a considerable number of business travellers, who show a rapid switch from high-cost airline companies to low-c ost airlines (Christensen et al., 2008). This has been done with the assumption that low-cost airlines have significantly improved their service as a result of the implementation of disruptive innovation principles (Habtay, 2012). Such aspect demonstrates the validity of the theory considering its successful application to expanding companies growth in new markets.Ryanair has succeeded in the creation of a new market of budget travellers, which represents an example of the theory on disruptive innovation. The basic of such success was to offer routes to customers that no other airline did at rather competitive, affordable prices. The main aspect of disruptive innovation is to refocus technology use (Paton, 2013). This has helped the airline to maintain a close contact with its customers through optimisation of the inter lettuce use, commitment to quality, and safety maintenance and adequately focused criteria for growth. Ryanair has achieved its objective to reduce its operation cos t through maximising its use of skillful advances, as it introduced the options of booking of tickets and issuing of boarding cards online (Schmidt and Druehl, 2008). This airline company has provided a relevant example of how its operational teams and processes are brought together to deliver innovation in specific target niches. It has been assumed that the innovation introduced by Ryanair is desired by the target niche market (Habtay, 2012). Therefore, it can be argued that innovation levels should be maintained in balance in order to achieve the companys initially presented goals for growth and expansion.As illustrated in Professor Claytons theory on disruptive innovation, an emergent strategy that organisations should adopt should be based on essential principles. Initially, companies that consider the option of disruptive innovation should incorporate elements of learning into their strategy plan (Paton, 2013). Furthermore, organisations should be focused on finding relevant information that can guarantee that they move in the right direction, similarly to what Ryanair did in the European airline industry through its adherence to the disruptive innovation model (Schmidt and Druehl, 2008). As a result, this type of innovation can produce long-term catalytic change, as illustrated in the example of Ryanair.The way in which a new technology addresses the demands presented in an existing customer segment is an important source for success. Existing customers have been found powerful to affect an organisations resource allocation process (Christensen et al., 2008). The basic idea behind the application of disruptive innovation in practice is to introduce new functions or attributes, as Ryanair introduced a low-cost strategy and flexible fares to its customers (Petrick and Martinelli, 2012). A significant assumption can be provided in relation to new market disruptive innovation in the sense that it is more likely to prosper among customers that companies h ave not been turn to previously.As implied in The Innovators Dilemma, Professor Claytons theory of disruptive innovation illustrates both the strengths and weaknesses of using financial ratios to measure business performance in both the short-term and long-term (Christensen, 1997). The strengths associated with using these ratios refer to the capacity of companies to use specific financial information to advance their business operations. Weaknesses of these ratios include improperly maintained focus or irrelevant or inaccurate financial details. The most important ratios with regards to Professor Claytons theory are the following profitableness ratiosReturn on Capital Employed (ROCE) Current Ratio and Acid Test Ratio (Christensen et al., 2008).The ratio of RONA presents a comparison of net income with the specific net assets. The ratio of ROCE provides significant information about the returns that an organisation achieves from the capital it employed. In the case of Ryanair, the companys ROCE ratio indicated a significant increase from 6.86% in 2011 to more than 10% in 2013 before tax (Paton, 2013). The formula for calculating the current ratio is to divide current assets and current liabilities. Therefore, Ryanairs current ratio in 2013 is 1.971. Acid test ratio is obtained through subtracting current assets and inventory and the result is divided with current liabilities (Habtay, 2012). The acid test ratio in 2013 is 1.971. These ratios indicate that the company performs well in its niche target market as a result of the introduction of disruptive innovation.PlanProfessor Claytons teaching provides fundamental business ideas that can help individuals move forward to a sustainable and successful future, as human beings. His concepts reinforce the potential of professionals in the business world to bring about a substantial change that can alter positively their lives (Christensen et al., 2008). When human beings are confronted with new technological innov ations, they tend to research the numerous opportunities associated with such technology advancements that can help them become more successful in their operations. Sustainability emerges as an essential dimension in Claytons teaching on disruptive innovation (Petrick and Martinelli, 2012). By finding new markets for new technologies, individuals can help companies move in the right direction through adhering to the model of disruptive innovation (Christensen et al., 2008).Technology is the key to a sustainable and successful future for human beings considering the emphasis on improvement in product performance. There has been always a drive to seek improvement of products and services in any market segment. Claytons teaching motivates individuals to restructure their thinking and present distinct inferences regarding the application of disruptive innovation models in practice (Chandra and Yang, 2011). In fact, the model suggested by the professor indicates a proven path to achievi ng a sustainable and successful future based on the concept of disruptive innovation. The ability of human beings to innovate is leading in the contemporary business world, which is oriented towards long-term success. Claytons ideas are focused on presenting a realistic framework according to which sustainable is achievable as well as new innovations address current needs and expectations identified in various markets (Christensen et al., 2008). As Clayton argued, market leaders are responsible for embracing such innovations and exploit the numerous advantages of technologies. As a result, this would contribute to the emergence of a high level of sustainability in the dynamic business environment (Maldonado, 2014).The model introduced by Professor Clayton provides managers with an opportunity to offer relevant insights into the most appropriate way of utilising disruptive technologies. The professor presents his arguments in a clear, consistent manner, which helps individuals under stand the specificity and applicability of his theory (Christensen, 1997). The emergence of particular value networks is in line with the basic idea to refocus on technology through the distinct model of disruptive innovation (Petrick and Martinelli, 2012). Moreover, Professor Clayton emphasises the necessity to discuss different managerial decisions, which contribute to enhanced sustainability in the business world.Moving to a sustainable and successful future may be challenging for human beings, but they can make a sense of all activities pertaining to disruptive innovation and apply them in practice. This can help individuals realise the potential and practicalities of the ideas shared by Professor Clayton (Habtay, 2012). Emphasis on the learning cycle shows that both individuals and companies can embrace the concept of change, which may contribute to expanding sustainability not only in the organisational setting but also in society (Christensen et al., 2008). The professors te aching is intended to clarify any misunderstanding related to to business performance in the contemporary world. His ideas suggest that sustainability and business success are attainable through the simple realisation of companies potential (Christensen, 1997). In addition, the development of new capabilities as related to specific organisational boundaries may be a relevant solution to overcome problems in a companys performance.ConclusionThis paper discussed Professor Clayton Christensens theory on disruptive innovation, which has been recognised as a significant tool in driving the growth of many organisations (Christensen et al., 2008). The paper also provided arguments pertaining to the successful implementation of the theory in practice. Ryanair was referred to as an example of company, which adheres to the model of disruptive innovation (Paton, 2013). It has been concluded that Ryanairs low-cost strategy has brought substantial success to the company. Moreover, the paper dis cussed details on how the professors teaching is inspiring for human beings in the process of moving forward to a sustainable and successful future.ReferencesChandra, Y. and Yang, S. (2011). Managing Disruptive cosmos. Journal of General Management, vol. 37(2), pp.23-50.Christensen, C., Johnson, C. W. and Horn, M. B. (2008). Disrupting Class How Disruptive presentation Will Change the Way the World Learns. cutting York McGraw-Hill.Christensen, C. (1997). The Innovators Dilemma When New Technologies Cause Great Firms to Fail. Boston Harvard Business Review Press.Cortez, N. (2014). Regulating Disruptive Innovation. Berkeley Technology Law Journal, vol. 29(1), pp.175-228.Govindarajan, V., Kopalle, P. K. and Danneels, E. (2011). The Effects of Mainstream and Emerging Customer Orientations on fore and Disruptive Innovations. Journal of Product Innovation Management, (1), pp.121-132.Habtay, S. R. (2012). A Firm-Level Analysis on the Relative Difference between Technology-Driven and Ma rket-Driven Disruptive Business Model Innovations. Creativity & Innovation Management, vol. 21(3), pp.290-303.Jang, S. W. (2013). Seven Disruptive Innovations for Future Industries. SERI Quarterly, vol. 6(3), pp.94-98.Maldonado, E. R. (2014). How to Identify Disruptive New Businesses. Global Conference on Business & Finance Proceedings, vol. 9(1), pp.510-520.Paton, M. (2013). Ryanair Profits Soar 21% online. The medley Fool. Available at http//www.fool.com/investing/general/2013/01/28/ryanair-profits-soars.aspx Accessed 14 August 2014.Petrick, I. J. and Martinelli, R. (2012). Driving Disruptive Innovation. Research Technology Management, vol. 55(6), pp.49-57.Schmidt, G. M. and Druehl, C. T. (2008). When Is a Disruptive Innovation Disruptive? Journal of Product Innovation Management, vol. 25(4), pp.347-369.

Ethics Social Justice Essay

The ethical issues that were identified in the case study of Guerrilla Government in EPAs Seattle Regional Office were cumbersome. The first of many to create unethical situations was the administrator of EPAs Seattle regional office in 1981, John Spencer. His staff remembers his kick upstairs for all the unethical actions he took such as using tax payers money to buy a membership for the EPA in the put up of Commerce (OLeary, 2014 p. 48). His actions continued even after numerous attempts to advise him that his actions were against federal guidelines and caused serious conflict of interest questions. He also allegedly took several face-to-face trips to Alaska to handle affairs related to his previous job on public expense. In addition, he pass on as personal driver to take him to and from and requested modifications to the EPA office building without getting prior approval from the General Services Administration thus violating federal law (OLeary, 2014 p. 48-54).There was also unethical lot displayed by Ernesta Barnes successor, Robie Russell. In March of 1987, Russell made his unethical behavior cognise when the local media announced that a veteran engineer had quit his job due(p) to being angry that he was being transferred involuntarily to another job. At that point, Russell began making decisions that had one time been a group effort behind closed doors. Workers who were once performing analysis, were cut out of the decision making process. He was even believed to have removed important comments in reports before they were released to the public. He was also known to back out of his support for the development of oil in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge and then recall that support later in a testimony to the U.S House of Representatives who were considering the proposal. He stated that The EPA does not oppose the environmentally acceptable development of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge.

Organizational and Management Theories Essay

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to explain why reframing ordure be so beta to a business. In todays world, businesses must stay on top of the competition and in touch with the ever-changing world of engine room. Over time, a business buns become stagnant, whitethorn be running on cruise-control or run out of newly ideas. Sales whitethorn even start to slip with new competition bear on the bottom line. Initially a business is organized and it begins to function on a structural level that constructs for the business. In time, minds flowerpot become hard-wired to stay on to function within that initial systema skeletale however, framing is simply a concept. It slew be changed by altering the conceptual and emotional setting or viewpoint of the business. Reframing ceases a business to break free from the limits of the original frame. The business first assesses its operations via multiple outlooks and frames. There ar four common frames utilise to analyze operations a nd those include the geomorphologic fig, the valet Resource Frame, Political Frame, and the Symbolic Frame. Each frame has its make emphasis and key concepts and each go away be further explained in this paper.Vision 2011 brass sections atomic number 18 complex entities. There argon many factors that reserve giving medicational life complicated, ambiguous, and unpredict adapted. The biggest challenge for managers and drawing cards is to stimulate the right way to frame our organizations in a world that has become more global, competitive, and turbulent (Stadtlander, n.d.) Organizational framing is a theory in which the way of a business assesses its operation via multiple outlooks.The ability for a leader to make sense of the complex and ambiguous work world depends on the psychic models or frames applied to the task (DeGrosky, 2011). A frame is a mental model-a set of ideas and assumptions-that you carry in your head to help you understand and negotiate a particular terr itory (Bolman & Deal, 2008, p. 11). It helps managers understand the situation at hand so they are able to make decisions. There are contrastive angles for managers to consider piece of music make decisions in their organizations. Each angle gives the manager a different view of the situation and helps them capture what is actually going on.The Four FramesBolman and Deal (2008) highly-developed an organizational theory that consists of four frames. The organizational theory prescribes a multi-dimensional or multi-frame approach in understanding the attributes and situational contexts of organizational behavior (Thompson, n.d.). The four frames are Structural, Human Resource, Political, and Symbolic.Structural FrameThe structural frame is the view that an organization is a factory or a machine. The structural frame depicts a sane world and emphasizes organizational architecture, including goals, structure, technology, specialized roles, coordination, and pro forma dealingships (Bolman & Deal, 2008). It defines the responsibilities of each position and the relationships amidst them. Six assumptions undergird the structural frame 1. Organizations exist to achieve established goals and objectives.2. Organizations add-on efficiency and enhance performance through specialization and appropriate division of labor. 3. Suitable forms of coordination and control fancy that diverse efforts of individuals and units mesh. 4. Organizations work best when rationality prevails e realwhere individual(prenominal) agendas and extraneous pressures. 5. Structures must be designed to fit an organizations current circumstances (including its goals, technology, workforce, and environment). 6. Problems arise and performance suffers from structural deficiencies, which can be remedied through analysis and restructuring.Human Resource FrameThe human imaginativeness frame centers on what organizations and people do to andfor one another (Bolman & Deal, 2008, p. 117). It focus es on the individuals that work in an organization and their skills, attitudes, energy, and commitment. The human vision frame is built on core assumptions that highlight the following linkages * Organizations exist to serve human fates sort of than the converse. * People and organizations need each other. Organizations need ideas, energy, and talent people need careers, salaries, and opportunities. * When the fit between individual and system is poor, one or both suffer. Individuals are exploited or exploit the organization-or both become victims. * A good fit benefits both. Individuals come upon meaningful and satisfying work, and organizations get the talent and energy they need to succeed. (Bolman & Deal, 2008, p. 122).Political FrameThe political frame views organizations as roiling arenas hosting ongoing contests of individual and group interests (Bolman & Deal, 2008, p. 194). Politics chances because employees are afflicting to obtain world power. The individuals with t he most power go away be the individuals that allow get essential they want. There are five propositions to summarize this frame 1. Organizations are coalitions of assorted individuals and interest groups. 2. Coalition members swallow enduring differences in values, beliefs, information, interests, and perceptions of reality. 3. Most important decisions involve allocating scarce resources-who gets what. 4. Scarce resources and enduring differences put conflict at the center of day-to day dynamics and make power the most important asset. 5. Goals and decisions supply from bargain and negotiation among competing stakeh grayers jockeying for their own interests. (Bolman & Deal, 2008, p. 194-195).Symbolic FrameThe symbolic frame views an organization as a kindred or nation (Henderson, 2011). It helps to give employees a meaning to their work. There is a traditional way of completing tasks. It is the way that an organization forms its purification. The organizational culture show s the inbred (employees) and external (customers & stakeholders) how the attach to wants to be perceived. The symbolic frame distills ideas from diverse sources into five suppositions * What is most important is not what happens but what itmeans.* Activity and meaning are in general coupled events and actions have multiple interpretations as people pay off life differently. * Facing uncertainty and ambiguity, people create symbols to resolve confusion, find deputation, and anchor try for and faith. * Events and servicees are often more important for what is expressed than for what is produced. Their emblematic form weaves a tapestry of secular myths, heroes and heroines, rituals, ceremonies, and stories to help people find purpose and passion. * floriculture forms the superglue that bonds an organization, unites people, and helps an enterprise accomplish desired ends. (Bolman & Deal, 2008, p. 253).BackgroundSteve Jacobs worked as an engineer in the US Army. After serving for 15 years he retired and he started a small workshop that manufactured parts for industrial boilers. The company was called Steve Jacobs Engineering however with the growth he changed it to Steve Jacobs Engineering LLC. From the start hard work and mass seem to have paid off and everywhere the years the company continued to grow in capital and production. By the time his great grandson Martin Jacobs took over the company in 2007 as the CEO the company had 2200 employees and an annual turnover of $3.2 billion. An engineering graduate with an MBA, he had worked in the company during his student days and was concern about the company and its tread based on the changing business environment.Despite the growth in capital, labor force, commercialise and profits the company had over-the-hill management systems that made it venerable to a crisis in a changing business environment. Martin Jacobs spent his first year as CEO identifying the challenges macrocosm set about by the organiza tion. He figures he need to change the * Structure of the organization to make it more decentralized and open where employees can share ideas within divisions and ranks. The old system was based on a top down system that he believes cannot be sustained. * Groupings in the organization based on position, skills, age and subdivision * Training, motivation and compensation of the workforce is not in sync with current economy * Technology which is outdated* Way things are being done directlyMartin Jacobs ponders on these changes and as he contemplates on how toroll them out the United States Congress, in their infinite wisdom and pressures of the global economy has elected to change the formal U.S. weights and measures standards to the metric system, effective by 2010. Changing into metric system will be good for the company and the country as all the exported goods have to be labeled in metric system or they will not sell. For the CEO Steve Jacobs Engineering has to change the way i t operates or it will not survive. This provides an opportunity for him not only(prenominal) to change the metrics system but the entire operations of the company.Analysis of Theories being usedMaslows hierarchy of need-people are move by a variety of wants, round more fundamental than others. (Human Resource Frame). * Basic unavoidably for physical thoroughly-being and safety are prepotent they have to be satisfied first. Once lower needs are fulfilled, individuals are motivated by social needs and ego needs. At the top of the hierarchy is self-actualization. * When changes occur in organizations, people become tutelageful of the new changes and the unknown of the future. * Managers need to decrease this fear by providing employees with psychological accommodate and training to help them bruise this fear. When this fear is overcome they can move up in the hierarchy of needs and take a step closer to reaching self-actualization-developing to ones fullest and actualizing one s ultimate potential drop. *Andrew will be writing the analysis once everyone has provided their root theories.Academic Literature ReviewNeeds to include at to the lowest degree 5 peer-reviewed journal sources.1. de Jager, P. (2001). Resistance to change A new view of an old problem. The Futurist, 35 (3), 24-27. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/218565953?accountid=40635 2. Tan, N. (2005). Maximising Human Resource Potential in the Midst of Organizational Change. SingaporeManagement Review, 27(2), 25-35. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/226853640?accountid=40635 3. Sigler, K. J. (1999). Challenges of employee retention. Management Research Review, 22(10), 1-5. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/223553576?accountid=40635.Comprehensive Business Literature Review1. Case Studies2. News Reports3. Service Offerings.Predictions of Major ChallengesStructural FrameThe Structural Frame emphasizes goals, specialized roles, and formal relationships this frame can be used to organize and structure groups and teams to get results and fit an organizations environment and technology.The carry out of organization design matches people, information, and technology to the purpose, vision, and strategy of the organization. Structure is designed to enhance conversation and information flow among people. Systems are designed to encourage individual business and decision making. Technology is used to enhance human capabilities to accomplish meaningful work. The end product is an integrated system of people and resources, tailored to the specific heed of the organization.Good organizational design helps confabulations, productivity, and innovation. It creates an environment where people can work effectively. The fundamental responsibility of managers and leaders is to clarify organizational goals, to attend to the relationship between structure and environment, and to develop a structure that is clear and appropriate to the goals, the task, and the environment. Without such a structure, people become unsure about what they are supposed to be doing. The result is confusion, frustration, and conflict. In an effective organization, individuals are clear about their responsibilities and their contribution. Policies, linkages, and lines of authority are well-defined. When an organization has the right structure and people understand it, the organization can achieve its goals and individuals can be effective in their roles.Major challenges* Lack of structural design to enhance communication and information flow among people. * Outdated technology to enhance human capabilities to accomplish meaningful work.Human Resource FrameThe human resource frame highlights the relationship between people and organizations (Bolman & Deal, 2008, p. 137). It includes peoples skills, attitudes, energy, commitment and relationships as fundamental resources of organizations (DeGrosky, 2011). During times of change, managers need to c onsider the effects the changes will have on the workforce. If the changes that occur do not align with the employees needs and wants it could cause negative impacts on the organization. Managers need to understand that whenever changes occur resistance will happen. Resistance is simply a very effective, very powerful, very useful survival mechanism (de Jager, 2001).Employees question the reasons things need to change when they have worked in the past or are currently working. Losing employees that resist the change function is one of the biggest risks in managing business change. The employees that make the greatest contribution to your business are usually heavily invested in their role and your business operations. Often these employees are the most challenged by change process. Research has shown organizational change to be a primary cause of stress. Because of the feelings of uncertainty, insecurity, and threat that it invokes (Tan, 2005). Organizations that have employees tha t are excessively hard put or burned out have more cases of absenteeism, lower productivity, lower job satisfaction, and low morale.Major challenges* Resistance to change due to not being involved in the change decisions and/or death penalty process and fear of having to learn something new * Retaining employees through the changes* Increased stress on employeesPolitical FrameBowman and Deal (B & D) describe organizations as living, screaming political arenas that host a complex web of individual and group interests. (2008, p. 194). Organizations comprise groups of people from diverse background with different beliefs, preferences, experiences and ideals. Organizations have goals to achieve and they hire people from diverse backgrounds to help them achieve them. On the other hand people come into organizations with their own expectations and desires which they expect to be fulfilled within the organization. Individuals in theorganization join groups that will advance their agenda s or that share their ideas and desires.Due to scarce resources and differences in the organization conflicts erupts among different groups. To access more resources each group tries to use its power and skills to influence decisions that work to their advantage. However, the goal of the leaders is to bring different groups of people in concert and ensure they work in concert as a team in order to achieve organization goals. Leaders are the guardians of the organizations and its goals. Therefore they result to negotiations, bargaining and discussions with different groups to ensure despite their differences they are able to work together. Major Challenges* Divisions among groups that may repair productivity* Union resistance to changes arising from new metrics systems for fear of job loss* Inability of leaders to negotiate, bargain and jockey with different groups * Retraining of employees on the new metrics system may further start out the old and younger employeesSymbolic Frame The Symbolic Frame describes the organizational culture, the rituals, the ceremonies all the symbols and heroes that help us make meaning of organizational events and activities (Bolman & Deal 2008). In the symbolic frame, people judge organizations primarily by their appearance. It is in this frame that organizations create the image that is expected of them, reassure their constituencies, and generate support for their missions.The symbolic frame can offer insight into fundamental issues of meaning and belief within an organization and bring employees together if the leader is effective. Symbolic leaders are able to interpret experience and in that interpretation, they can bring meaning and purpose. Leaders of this type need to look for something visible and dramatic to signal that change is on the way. A key function of symbolic leadership is to offer plausible and hopeful interpretations of experience. An effective leader is able to do this is by painting a vision, a hopeful ima ge of the future. The vision addresses both the challenges and the hopes and values of its followers. When employees are confused or uncertain in times of change, they seek hopeand direction this is where a symbolic leader can bring people together and succeed. Symbolic leaders can create the vision and then they can express others to follow it.Symbolic leaders tell stories. A successful way to do this is to embed their vision in a mythical invention. A story that tells where the company has been, where it is, and where it is going in the future or looking back at the history of the company and the employees and what has brought you this far already. These types of stories will succeed because people want to believe them and it makes it personal. Even a flawed story will work if the leader is persuasive in the values and hopes of the listeners. Good stories and a genuine personal touch reflect the power and the danger of symbolic leadership. Power is positive in the right hands but power in the wrong hands, can create devastation (2004).Major challenges include* Afraid of the changes and the impact it will have on their jobs * Can I learn the new ways-what if I cant?* The symbolic leader may fail to find symbols, rituals or heros that can bring the listeners together * The symbolic leader may fail at decision and incorporating humor and crop at work to ease tensions during the times of change * The organizations culture is not well aligned with the challenges the organization faces or the organizations symbols and customs lose meaning Assessments on How to Resolve ChallengesStructural FrameLack of structural design to enhance communication and information flow among people. The job of managers and leaders is to focus on task, facts, and logic, not personality and emotions. Most people problems really stem from structural flaws rather than from flaws in individuals. Structural managers and leaders are not necessarily authoritarian and do not necessarily so lve every problem by issuing orders. Instead, they try to design and implement a process or structure appropriate to the problem and the circumstances. A structural scenario casts managers and leaders in fundamental roles of clarifying goals, attend to the relationship between structure and environment, and developing a structure that is clear toeveryone and appropriate to what needs to be done.This is a structural design to enhance communication and information flow among people. Without a workable structure, people become unsure about what they are supposed to be doing. The result is confusion, frustration, and conflict. In an effective organization, individuals are relatively clear about their responsibilities and their contribution to the mission. Policies, linkages, and lines of authority are straightforward and widely accepted. When you have the right structure, one that people understand, organizations can achieve goals and individuals can see their role in the big picture. Outdated technology to enhance human capabilities to accomplish meaningful work. Technology is about improving how we put our companionship to work and increase our ability to produce valued results. Performance improvement continues to shape the future of many individuals and organizations around the world through skill, sharing, working together, and networking.If new-fangled assertions are to be believed, the pace of implementation of Information Technology (IT) within organizations would appear to be relentless and its scope pervasive, with extravagant claims made in monetary value of ITs organizational benefits such as increased efficiency and higher levels of customer service. IT has also been said to facilitate the way in which information is processed, with the potential to change the way in which decision making is undertaken, and even to effect a shift in the nature and scope of activities undertaken by the business. For example, IT at least promises dramatic repercuss ions for the form and content of inter-organizational relationships as well as intra-organizational communication the bases on which organizations compete the means of production the process of distribution and service support indeed for almost every aspect of accepted organizational activity.Human Resource FrameResistance to change.The first challenge in the human resource frame that Martin Jacobs will need to face is resistance to change. Resistance to change can happen due to many reasons. Employees resist because they feel uninvolved and ignored. It is important to get employees involved either by letting them explore and provide some options in the decision-making process. When people areinvolved in the decision-making and/or implementation of changes, they feel more committed to it. (de Jager, 2001).Another reason employees resist change is they fear having to learn something new. Its not that they disagree with the benefits of some new process rather, they simply fear the unk nown future and doubt their ability to adapt to it (de Jager, 2001). This type of resistance can be overcome by creating an environment where learning is the norm. In this learning environment, early failures of any learning endeavor are not frowned upon or punished, but are rewarded because failure is honored as curtilage of effort (de Jager, 2001).Retaining employees through the changesThe loss of talented employees may be very detrimental to the companys future success. During times of change, outstanding employees may conduce an organization because they become dissatisfied and/or feel unmotivated. Management can help keep employees by offering incentive pay, such as silver bonuses and stock ownership.Another way that this company can help retain employees during times of change is through increase job satisfaction. Management can overlay talented employees are given autonomy in their job functions and are given meaning meaningful assignments, allowing them to be involved in the decision making for their area of expertise (Sigler, 1999). Other ways that can help increase job satisfaction are making sure that the working conditions are sweet and offering employees training to ensure they know how to use the new metric system within their job positions.Increased stress on employeesWhen employees are overly stressed, it could cause more cases of absenteeism, lower productivity, lower job satisfaction, and low morale. Managers can help relieve the stress employees feel during the change and maximize their human resource through the following 1. Increase communication and disseminate adequate information about the change. 2. Create a supportive environment at the workplace.3. Empower their employees to play a more active role in the implementation of change. (Tan, 2005).Political FrameChanging the company to metric system may elicit different opinions from different groups in the organization. New alliances will be formed between those who support the chan ges and those resistant to them. This will call for new bargaining and negotiations that may affect the morale and production. Union within the organization will seek assurances that the changes will not lead to layoffs and changes in benefits. Management assurance of availability of expanded market due changes may motivate the unions to negotiate. In their bargaining management must educate employees the benefit of being proactive in a changing scotch environment.The younger groups of employees who are more technologically advanced and curious may immediately embrace the changes. On the other hand older employees with more experience and dedication to the organization may feel threatened. This can strain relations between the groups. Careful planning will need to be implemented to ensure both groups embrace the change within workable differences. Managers will spend more time communicating changes and answering questions. This is important to prevent grapevine and rumors that may undermine the changes. Managers will be called upon to hold meetings with different groups to discuss progress and updates.Symbolic FrameResolving the changes in the symbolic frame include finding a way to bring employees together using stories, symbols, rituals or finding heros that unite the group. The group is looking for hope, a role model, a history that shows they will get through this change. Simple actions can unite. Things such as sharing stories, talking to the group or individuals about positive attributes of the companies history, being positive yourself, recognizing the fears and concerns and reassuring, celebrating the things you can to bring the group together. A good visual that unites by telling a story without actually even being donation is to put up bulletin boards, photos, birthday or anniversary liststhe pictures from last years Christmas party or picnic will bring the group together and offer support and reassurance for the coming year. Its all about being ab le to inspire and create a vision.The symbolic frame relates to the human needs theory but goes even beyond that by asserting that organizations are populated by people who strive for self-actualization through cooperative efforts.Forecast of the future(a) Impact of the Recommended ChangesStructural Frame*Waiting for Joe to provide his information.Human Resource Frame (Topics discussing)* Employees may need to be dismissed if their role becomes redundant aft(prenominal) the change occurs.* Attitudes may change in the workplace this could cause a negative/positive work environment low employee morale* Decrease of productivity costing the company money.* Relationships grow stronger or weaken between management and the employees.* Loss of talented employeesPolitical Frame (Topics discussing)* New groups and alliances will emerge and some groups may be formed or eliminated * Union and management will have to compromise and failure to agree may result to strained relations or strikes * There will be intensive negotiations, bargaining and jockeying within the first one year until a balance is reached among different groups * There could emerge strained relationships between some technologically challenged and technologically savvy workersSymbolic FrameChanging from the formal U.S. weights and measures standards to the metric system will impact everyone at our company. The symbolic frame leads us to find a unifying them that will bond everyone together, a common ground to rally around. For this change in our company, we are going to go back to the beginning, what brought everyone to this company and the longevity of the company. * Afraid of the changes and the impact it will have on their jobsEach employee has their own concerns and worries about this change. Am I too old to learn this is one concern along with what was wrong with the oldway of doing things This is where the symbolic leader must assure employees that there will be a learning curve for sure but ever yone will be worked with to help them understand the new changes. * Can I learn the new ways-what if I cant?It will not be an overnight change and everyone will learn at their own pace. The organization is committed to the employees and their jobs are not on the line. * The symbolic leader may fail to find symbols, rituals or heros that can bring the listeners togetherThe symbolic leader will focus on the companies founder and how the company was able to make it to this point. All the years of commitment from the employees rallying around the company. The company will not turn their backs on the employees over this change but this will just be another challenge for us to all ALL overcome. And we will. * The symbolic leader may fail at finding and incorporating humor and play at work to ease tensions during the times of changeThis is where the symbolic leader must find that unifying symbol. The founder of this company and his vision. The company was founded by the great-grandfather o f the current CEO, back in the days when Henry Taylor and Scientific Management was all the rage. Today the company needs to keep up with the global economy and this is one way of assuring we are staying current and up-to-date. This will unify us with the world and allow us to go forward with our vision. Focus on the grandfather, father etc. a family owned company and each employee is part of that family. * The organizations culture is not well aligned with the challenges the organization faces or the organizations symbols and customs lose meaningIn this case with changing to the metric system, most employees will only fear the change as far as learning it and how it will affect their job. As long as the symbolic leader keeps this change in perspective as one small piece of the changes that have occurred over the history of the company, he will put this change into perspective for them. The symbols and customs will have meaning using the family company angle and how they are part o f thatfamily.Conclusion*Completed by Andrew once paper has been fully written.References.Bolman, L.G. & Deal, T.E. (2008). Reframing organizations artistry, choice, and leadership. San Francisco, CA Jossey-Bass slender leadership skill Multi-frame thinking. (2004, November). Wildfire Magazine, Retrieved from http//www.guidancegroup.org/k2news/Uploads/WTL-11-2004.pdfDeGrosky, M. Wildfire. (2011). What Does This Viewpoint Suggest? Retrieved on December 32011 from http//wildfiremag.com/command/viewpoint_suggest/ de Jager, P. (2001). Resistance to change A new view of an old problem. The Futurist, 35 (3), 24-27. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/218565953?accountid=40635 Henderson, KJ. chron.com. (2011). Strategies on Reframing Change in Your Organization.Retrieved on November 3, 2011 from http//smallbusiness.chron.com/strategies-reframing-change-organization-3113.html.Morgan, G. (1986). Images of organization. Beverly Hills, CA Sage Publications, Inc. Sigler, K. J. (1999 ). Challenges of employee retention. Management Research Review, 22(10),1-5. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/223553576?accountid=40635. Stadtlander, C.T.K.-H. (2007). Reframing Organizations Artistry, Choice, and Leadership Book Review. Electronic Journal of Business Ethics and Organization Studies, 12(1). Retrieved from http//ejbo.jyu.fi/pdf/ejbo_vol12_no1_pages_48-49.pdf http//guweb2.gonzaga.edu/orgl/orgl500/Module2/Mod2pg26.htmTan, N. (2005). Maximising Human Resource Potential in the Midst of Organizational Change. Singapore Management Review, 27(2), 25-35. Retrievedfrom http//search.proquest.com/docview/226853640?accountid=40635

Heineken Environment Analysis Essay

The bargaining power of suppliersThe suppliers of raw materials to Heineken Company are mainly farmers. Therefore, the little terror for power of supplier is lofty. The bottle supplier for Heineken is provided by Heye Glas Nederland which is in full supplied the green bottle for the worldwide distribution of Heineken beer.In the past, Heineken kept only 33% its stake in Heye Glas in order to secure the supply of high quality export bottles at a lower cost to meet the needs for demand but now Heineken has kept 100% stake in 2002. Beer is produced by water, barley, hops and yeast. These ingredients are supplied by farmers. Heineken also mentioned that competition for agricultural products from the biofuels industry that is affecting their costs.The bargaining power of buyersThe buyers in this industry have galore(postnominal) choices as there are many companies serving beer. This will increase the choice of the customer and hence the threat for power of buyers is high. For example, for serving customer at the pub, there are a lot of beer brands for them to fit their taste such as Guiness, Carlsberg, Tiger. Therefore, buyers now have a choice to choose the one they like. As a result, choosing of customer for what kind beer they want to drink will bring threats for Heineken.The threat of potential untested entrantsNowadays, an explosion of smaller brewers has entered the market during the past cristal that making the industry much more competitive. Heineken is one of the largest brewers in the world and they have to share market with other brewer. The barrier in the beer market is low. Therefore, the threat of potential new entrants for Heineken is high. This will fasten Heineken considering to create innovation or uniqueness into their product that croupsustain competitive advantages in the beer market.The threat of surrogatesBeer is a kind of beverage which contains alcohol. However, people can switch to drink wine which also is alcohol drink. Customers taste is not similar so that they have right to choose what they want to enjoy, so this will affect the beer market as well as Heineken Company. As a result, the threat of substitute for beer market is high.The extent of competitive rivalryHeineken has achieved the economy of musical scale in the market especially in Europe. It holds about 30% of market share in European beer market. Since the beer market is growing, so the competitors will try to attain their growth targets. The large brewer like Heineken tends to enforce their own strategies to the beer industry and due the economies of scale they will produce higher quality and unique products which can make their own place in the market, hence keep themselves growing to achieve their target. immanent analysis of the companyAnalysis the resourcesTangible Since Heineken know that their plant and equipment is a key for company deed, they invest so much in the infra social system to make sure that their operation is working effi ciently. For example, Heineken have four breweries in Russia, all those use KHS Till plant technology. This equipment at Heinekens packaging can processes 50 liter kegs in addition to 30 liter at an output of up to 140 kegs an hour. As a result, the two-lane machine can pass away with one racking, six washing and sterilizing stations.Intangible brand name is most valuable asset of the Heineken Company, they has built this name Heineken with premium brand. The company recognizes that brand is rattling important key for them to develop a strong presence globally in the beer market so that Heineken have a lot of marketing activities for its brand name. Furthermore, branding is also a highly defensible competitive advantage for Heineken this would bring strength to companyexpansion. Hence Heineken Company can stretch their production internationally and add more money for company.Management capability Heineken implemented a number of new initiatives in the area of leadership developme nt in 2004. One is a new leadership competency model that defines behavior expectations from all senior managers at Heineken. The model takes Heineken company ambitions and value as a starting point and translates these into the leadership behavior required from senior managers.With marketing differentiation using different message indoors normal media advertising can also have differentiating effect. This differentiation will bring strengths for Heineken. When most advertisers are pursuing essentially the beer market with the same message like showing social groups of males in public houses having an enjoyable night out. In the other hand, Heineken managed to differentiate its beer by using a series of advertisements employing humour and the caption Heineken refreshed the part other beers can not reach.Organizational structureIn 2005 Heineken announced that it was created a new top management structure, this would drive and support growth as a global organization. In order to co nnect functions, operation and finance in a more effective way, the company create a new more streamlines Executive Board. Hence change would lead to create strengths for operating regions and global functions. Furthermore, Heineken has grown substantially over the past four years. The new structure is better suited to the present organization and ensures faster decision-making. In the beer market where the consolidation process is accelerating and rapid introduction of innovations is essential, this is crucial to the achievement of Heinekens commodious term ambitions.CultureHeineken is proud of they are one of the worlds great beer companies. Hence their culture will reflect the company view and values. These values create so many strengths for company to develop their environment within thecompany. Heineken based on the value that they respect their employees, business partners, customers, shareholders and all others who are attached to the company. Furthermore, Heineken make li fe more enjoyable by bring enjoyment to life, they also encourage this core value within the working places and atmosphere within the company. In addition, company has a fundamental belief in the concept and delivery of quality, it is also reflected in their other activities such as their social and craft policies. This will create benefit and value both for Heineken and their reputation. As a result, these values define Heineken corporate culture and working methods which help company to do the business successfully.

Rise And Growth Of Taliban History Essay

The Taliban was portion of our past and your yesteryear. The ISI and CIA created it together. It was a monster created by all of us, but we forgot to do a remedy of it They re sort of a malignant neoplastic disease created by Pakistan and America, and the universe. AAsif Ali Zardari on TalibanIntroductionBy 1994, after holding overthrown the Soviets, afghanistan had disintegrated into a hodgepodge of viing groups and switching confederations. The preponderantly cultural Tajik authorities of President Rabbani held ceiling of Afghanistan and the nor-east of the state, while the Northern states remained under the control of Abdul Rashid Dostum and other warlords. Ismail Khan controlled the Western states around Herat, and the country to the South and East of Kabul were in the custodies of warlords such as Gulbuddin Hekmatyar. The Eastern boundary line with Pakistan was held by a council of mujahidin, and the South was split between tonss of ex-mujahideen and brigands, who used thei r control of the roads to extort money from the cross-border championship with Pakistan. 1 In late 1994, a new motion emerged in the South, prehending control foremost of Kandahar and so of the surrounding states. Its leaders took the name of their group Taliban, from the plural of talib, an Arabic word denoting an Muslim pupil. 2 Beginnings of the TalibanThe most widely circulated theory is that the leading of the Taliban emerged from amongst the dissatisfied immature Afghan refugees analyzing in the spiritual schools around Quetta and Peshawar. 3 Soon after the Soviets sent their military personnels into Afghanistan in support of the Communist government in Kabul, General Mohammad Ziaul Haq, the so President of Pakistan, established a concatenation of Deeni Madaris ( an outgrowth of the old madrassa educational system ) along the Afghan-Pakistan boundary line. He did so in order to make a belt of religiously-oriented pupils who would help the Afghan mujahidin to evict the Sovie t forces from Afghanistan. The pupils in these Deeni Madaris were a mixture of Afghans and Pakistanis, with around 80 per centum of them being Afghans. The teaching staff were both Pakistanis and Afghans. After the autumn of Dr Najibullah, 4 spiritual schools began working in Afghanistan every bit good, particularly in the eastern states and in Herat. 5 The madaris non merely imparted spiritual instruction of kinds but more than that, they organise the pupils into hawkish groups who would be prepared to utilize force to repress their challengers. The 1s that produced the combatants were sent to Afghanistan to evict the Communists and subsequently to contend against those who they believed were non presenting an Muslim government in their state. 6 That is why they reportedly developed a disfavor for the bing Afghan groupings, which they blamed for brining approximately much of the decease and devastation in their fatherland. 7 The Taliban argued that they were making a stable Islam ic province that the leaders of the jehad against the Soviets could non make. 8 Rise of the Taliban MovementImmediate Causes. The pathetic status in which the Afghans found themselves during this period ( 1992-1994 ) could be attributable to the bing mujahideen cabals. In Sep 1994, Mullah Mohammad Omar, a jehad veteran from Maiwand territory, of merely West of Khandahar, decided to work towards conveying about peace by evicting the pro-communists and presenting Islamic values in Afghanistan.Omar visited assorted mosques in his small town to garner support for his mission, and formed a group of Talibs along with arms and vehicles, which was provided to him by a mujahid commanding officer of Hizb-e-Islami. With this the Taliban motion had begun. The pro forma name given to the freshly created political cabal was Tehreek-i-Islami-i-Taliban Afghanistan. Later, permission was besides given for the commanding officers of The National Islamic Front of Afghanistan ( NIFA ) in Khandahar to fall in this new set of black-turbaned Islamic warriors by their head, in the hope that Taliban would convey about peace in Afghanistan. The strength of the Taliban shortly swelled. 9 The ages of their members varied from 15 to 50. The immature pupils who formed the group ab initio were shortly joined by experient combatants who had been active against the Soviets during the Afghan jehad. They excessively joined in helping the war get .A cardinal shura was established in Khandahar, with Mullah Omar designated as the caput. The war attempt and all policies were being directed from his central office in Kandahar, which virtually became the capital of the Taliban-controlled countries of Afghanistan. 10 The Taliban leading, headed by Mullah Omar, emerged as a force that would bring around the state of factionalism, corruptness, and force that had prevailed of all time since the Soviet backdown.While there is no individual cause that brought the Taliban Islamic Movement of Afghanistan into prominence, several factors have been cited Pashtun individuality many of the warlords were from northern cultural groups.The combination of their seeable, although non to the full understood, piousness, coupled with bitterness against warlords perceived as Islamic.Financing, both holding beginnings of it, and being able to corrupt hard oppositions.Support from Pakistan, particularly Inter-Services Intelligence. 11 Due to defeat and war-weariness among the population in the South, the Taliban was ab initio good received. Its forces advanced quickly through Southern and Eastern Afghanistan, capturing nine out of 30 states by February 1995. The motion received strong backup from Pakistan s ISI, which assisted in the enlisting of members and provided arms, preparation, and proficient aid. In 1996, the Taliban captured Kabul and, despite impermanent reverses, conquered the northern metropoliss of Mazar, Kunduz, and Taloqan in 1998. 12 By 2001, the Taliban controlled virtually all of Afghanistan. The unaccompanied exclusion was a little splinter of land North East of Kabul in the Panshjir Valley to which Ahmed Shah Massoud and his Northern Alliance forces had retreated. The Taliban instituted a inhibitory strain of sharia jurisprudence, censoring music, banned adult females from working or traveling to school, and prohibited freedom of the imperativeness. Afghanistan besides became a genteelness land for Jihadists and terrorists purpose on assailing the united States and other states. 13 The backdown of the Soviets in 1989 put an disconnected terminal to the American assistance being provided to the mujahidins. Subsequently, during the period from 1993 to 1996, which were important in organizing up the Taliban, both the political and military leading of Pakistan identified in Taliban, a proxy ground forces they could work to run into their aims. In 1994, the authorities of Pakistan under the leading of Benazir Bhutto, desire the aid of the Taliban in guar anting safe transition of their convoys through Afghanistan a undertaking which the Taliban executed successfully by overmastering the local warlords in the part. Their quest to suppress grew root and they did go on to capture and govern most of Afghanistan ( about 90 % ) , till 9/11 reversed their lucks.

Posthorn Corporation Essay

Posthorn participation acquired 20,000 of the 100,000 heavy(p) common shares of Stamp Company on January 1, 2010, for a cash consideration of $200,000 at a era when its shareholders equity amounted to $1,000,000. The shares of both companies were traded on the national stock exchange. During 2010, Stamp Company had net income of $120,000 and gainful divid decisions of $80,000. At the end of 2010, shares of Stamp Company were trading for $11 to each one. During 2011, Stamp Company had a loss of $60,000 and paid dividends of $40,000. Income for the first half of the year was $80,000 and the loss in the second half of the year was $140,000.The dividends were paid on June 30. On July 2, 2011, Posthorn Corporation sold 5,000 shares of Stamp Company for a consideration of $12 per share. At the end of 2011, the share set of Stamp Company had fallen to $6 per share. The average of market analysts forecasts was that the share price could be expected to rise to $8 per share oer the next five years. Posthorn Corporation has not elected early adoption of the new standards for financial instruments which become effective on January 1, 2015.RequiredFor each of the following independent assumptions, state the amounts that Posthorn Corporation would include in its 2011 financial statements, with respect to its investment in Stamp Company for (i) its investment in Stamp Company (ii) net income and (iii) other comprehensive income. a) Posthorn Corporation greenbacks for its investment in Stamp Company as a fair value through meshwork and loss investment b) Posthorn Corporation accounts for its investment in Stamp Company as an available for sale investment c) Posthorn Corporation accounts for its investment in Stamp Company as a significant model investment d) Posthorn Corporation accounts for its investment in Stamp Company using the cost method.Requireda) fool that the number of shares held by Blake is enough to give it significant influence over Stergis. Prepare a ll the ledger entries that Blake should make regarding this investment in socio-economic class 5 and Year 6. b) Assume that Blake uses the cost method to account for its investment. Prepare all the journal entries that Blake should make regarding this investment in Year 5 and Year 6. interrogative mood 3 (15 marks) (Text, Chapter 2, Case 4)On January 1, Year 6, make out Technologies Inc. acquired 40 percent (10,000 shares) of the voting shares of the Calgana Corp. Toward the end of Year 6, it seemed likely that fare would digest earnings for the year of approximately $10,000 (exclusive of earnings attributed to its investment in Calgana) and that Calgana would realize earnings of approximately $50,000. The CEO of Progress was disappointed in the forecast earnings of both companies. former to Year 6, Progress had increased its earnings by 10 percent each year, and Progress would have to report total earnings in Year 6 of $45,000 if the trend was to continue.Requireda) Suppose Progress Technologies Inc. reports its interest in Calgana Corp. using the equity method. i) If Calgana is to declare its usual dividend of $0.50 per share, what would be the total reported income of Progress? ii) The CEO of Progress suggested that Calgana be directed to declare a special dividend of $3 per share. What invasion would the additional dividend have on the reported earnings of Progress? b) Suppose that Progress Technologies Inc. reports its investment in Calgana Corp. using the cost method. iii) What would be the total reported earnings of Progress if Calgana declared its regular dividend of $0.50 per share? iv) What impact would the additional dividend of $3 per share have on reported earnings of Progress? c) Explain in full why the equity method (rather than the cost method) is appropriate for firms that can exert significant influence over other companies in which they have an interest.

Concept of Significant Event

It was a disp substructureionate summer evening leaving into senior year with a slight breeze sliding over our scalps. The branches were s counseling ever so calmly at the park on the Texas Track. I was with my cousin pile who I always looked up as well as growing up, but now resented. He was the kid who always knew what to say and had a demeanor that was cool to the touch. With the long hair, gauges, and cool skate clothes. I precious to be just standardised that. I was raised in private school so I had no sense of style, seeing what he wore and what he did re eithery had an impression on me.He said there was tone ending to be a party and precious me to go with him. I was really bo flushed and decided to give it a shot. We hung out in concert all finished childhood, middle school, and a lot of high school. But as junior year came slightly for me and James Just dropping out of high school of senior year, fage was ravaging with teenagers Like a disease. As I continued to h angout with James I noticed him beness a lot more slow as if he has Just awoken from a long log Zs or angry for no reason. He told me he was taking cane or bars. At first I was okay with It, popping them recreational as well believing here was no real harm in them.Wed go to parties and take them throughout the night loving feeling of well-read you had a goodnight even though you could hardly remember It. Some epochs doing them gave us an over sense of self-assertion to talk to women, meet new people, and do things wed never think of doing sober. But as the months went by I began to hear things from my mom and other family members that James has been abstracting prescription pills from our grandparents and getting busted by patrol for stealing from peoples cars. I could not believe what I heard. Sounded eke people spewing gibberish I couldnt understand.Someone you looked up to for advice, steerage making dreadful life changing decisions. I never tried to let it affect our bai l as long as he TLD steal from me or get me Involved. Prescription pills began to deteriorate his judgment killing every last functioning brain cell that could ever produce logical reasoning. His scabies to steal to provide himself with a copious amount of cane would increase. Stealing Jewelry from our aunt and sell other pills to also supply his habit got him banned from my house and assessment of him to the family. Till showed sympathy and wanted to help him out and hangout with him learned he has never done me wrong. The crowd he was being Involved with though made It especially uncomfortable to hangout more. Threads, arrogant, ignorant, scandalous scum of human beings were the ones he enjoyed hanging out with. I attempted to consent him associate with my crowd of friends, but with pills coursing through his veins he acted irate and no one would want to hang out with him again. Spending time together turned into doing favors kindred driving him place to place to discuss in ductuation to put myself through time and time again.If I ever got pulled over with him I was practically guaranteed Id go to Jail Just because hes so known in town now. We walked to the park from his grandmas waiting to get picked up from one of lames friends. As transactions go by we spot a black sedan with no rims and paint scratched as if a tiger has slashed it. As I unwarily get into the car I see James pull out foil and a little black ball. I knew it was heroin. He began smoking it, I have never seen someone smoke heroin before. It felt like I was watching a science experiment. I was more intrigued then disgusted at the moment.He offered me some and I rightfully refused knowing I had to draw the line somewhere on the impression someone could give to me. l auspicate Eve only done it like once, James said. I knew he was never going to get clean after that without hitting rock bottom. We approached the party it was somewhere out in Catchword, you can hear the poor quality sound of rap music and disarray of peoples conversations. Walking in I had an over sensational feeling that something bad was going to happen tonight. I notice people herding to a side of backyard like celebrity waltzed by or something.I could hear girls shouting Stop and guys shouting obscenities as I approached. I peeked with curiosity to see what could be happening. It was Shame being pummel to a frame by 3 guys with a much bigger stature. All looked like the kind of people that have been to Jail or definitely should be in Jail. I couldnt let my cousin get Jumped by these brutes. I Jumped in swinging with all my might hitting one with a gray recur extra large shirt in the face. I knew once this happened I was going to get my ass kicked. As soon as my punch landed another punch from someone else crossed my jaw.Feeling like a brick Just flew at my face I dropped immediately being kicked viciously in the address and the rest of my body. Every time I attempted to rise and fight, my bo dy would Just take blows like I am being pummel by rocks. It boggled my mind why people Just sit there and watch for that moment in time and never take action to help others. afterwards the Jumping we endured for those few minutes that felt like an eternity, we left the party. Shame ran to a corner in the front awn, I was puzzled until he returned with $500 dollars and 40 cane pills he stole from those guys that he stashed.I couldnt believe that I took that beating for him to get that. I was so furious, my face boiling to bright red I shoved him as hard as I could demanding to know why he would steal from people. This is what happens to you James, when you steal I said vigorously. Hes lucky we didnt die or get arrested. I looked at his face and I knew now he would never get it. James would never understand what he is doing is wrong and is touch on his life. Hes bringing me down ND sucking everything out of me like a leach or a parasite. Driving him place to place, hanging out, an d the favors all need to stop. I said to myself. Giving me that moment of clearness made me realize I was an enabler making all the things going on his life continue the way they are going. Whatever sorry man. James said with hardly any remorse. I got dropped off subsequently that night fading in and out of consciousness fighting to stay up. Turning back I notice James passed out next to me. I knew looking into his sunken lifeless eyes he wasnt going to learn his lesson until he learns the hard way. I