Environmental Science Essay Example for Free

Environmental Science Essay Towards the end of the second millennium, particularly the 18th and 19th centuries, rapid changes occurred across the economic fabric of the world. Various industries underwent mechanization, transportation infrastructure improved to facilitate the expansion of trade, and steam power dramatically enhanced production and mobility. Manual labor was supplanted or enhanced by machines in the manufacturing industries, whilst increased production lead to increased consumption of natural resources and greater material abundance across the classes. Brown (2003) observes that at the foundation of this period, historically referred to as the Inustrial Revolution, was a shift in sources of energy from wood to fossil fuel. The exponential energy gain to be had from such a shift translated to the expansion of economic activity. The Industrial Revolution did not stop there though. Rather, the Industrial Revolution was a continuous process of economic expansion that resulted in a transformation of how natural resources were viewed. While concerns had already been raised since the 17th century about the use of natural resources for economic activity, industrialization spread the casual acceptance of natural resources as capital. (Peterson del Mar, 2006) In effect, the Industrial Revolution impacted the environment by disseminating economical assumptions about the value of natural resources, and magnified the rate at which resources were being consumed. Under the lens of industrial capitalism, trees have no value unless logged, rivers and streams have no value unfished and wildlife have no value unharvested. As such, there was little in the way of popular resistance against the use of natural resources for commerce and industry. It was deemed that the improvement of human civilization necessitated the harvesting of wildlife, the logging of forests, the expansion of fisheries and the industrialization of agriculture. As mentioned above, concern for environmental welfare dates back to the 17th century. Some of this concern for environmental welfare came from upper-class urban dwellers, who felt that the conditions of city living disconnected them from the spiritual nourishment of nature’s aesthetic. The other source of concern came from scientists and economists who felt that resource conservation and protection was necessary to ensure continued economic health. However, Environmentalism as a movement or revolution did not fully come into being until the 20th century. (Peterson del Mar, 2006) While technology and industrialization grew to become a defining feature of not just commerce and industry but modern living, there was also an increase in the anxiety over their potential effects on the cultural and natural landscape. For many, the tipping points that took environmental sentiment towards movement and/or revolution were the publication of books such as Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring and Paul Ehrlich’s The Population Bomb. Both writers took a good look at the environmental impacts of modern life – Carson examined the health impacts and environmental consequences of the indiscriminate use of DDT as a pesticide, while Ehrlich questioned the ability of economic expansion and use of natural resources could outpace the demands of a growing population – and ultimately, both of them provoked examination into the relationship between man and environment in the industrial age.   The result was increased interest in environmental problems and the formation of various environmental groups designed to pressure industry and commerce to take environmental matters seriously. In the 21st century, it will be necessary for environmentalism to persist, not just as a fashionable lifestyle or an alternative form of consumption, but as a means to examine whether modern life is not just sustainable or desirable. Environmentalism is not a spiritual or moral issue, but a practical one that encourages us to redesign industry, commerce and personal living to be more than just desirable but sustainable and eternal.   REFERENCES Peterson del Mar, D. (2006) A short history of a big idea: Environmentalism. Pearson Education Limited: Essex, England. Brown, L.R. (2003) Eco-Economy: Building an Econom

Changes In Policies Directed Toward Poverty Social Policy Essay

Changes In Policies Directed Toward Poverty Social Policy Essay This assignment will examine the transformation of social welfare policy that was established and implemented during the course of the 19th and early 20th centuries to address the problem of poverty and to assist the poor at a time when rapid industrialisation hit Britain. These policies had been developed throughout this period using a combination of both state and charitable sector intervention that expanded and contracted at different levels within both sectors at different times. The assignment will be structured to incorporate the following distinct yet associated elements: Initially, I will explain what relief system/policy was in place to address rural and urban poverty leading up to the early part of the 19th century. Then, I will go on to set the environmental context in terms of how the rapid industrialisation that occurred in Britain could have contributed towards exacerbating the poverty being experienced by local communities and individuals during the early 19th century. I will then go on to concentrate on those policies and interventions that were introduced and/or endorsed by the state to specifically address poverty and help the poor; whilst considering in parallel, the differing perceptions of success and failure that surfaced during the implementation of these policies spanning a timeline of the 1800 1939 period. An integral part of this will include the differential categorisations and views on poverty that existed and subsequently evolved during this time period. Main body From the introduction of the Elizabethan Poor Law Act of 1601, those who were considered as deserving poor received relief from within their parish, which was subsidised by a compulsory poor rate levied on each parishs land and property owners. This was intended to give local control and responsibility for reducing the poverty being experienced by the poor, young, infirm or elderly within communities. These deserving poor were provided with what was termed Outdoor Relief in the form of either monetary payment or in-kind relief such as food, rent or clothes which enabled them to stay at home. Those who were classed as poor impotent people (2002, pg 11) and unable to help themselves, alongside the able bodied poor who were set to work, were provided with indoor relief within workhouses. This system continued well in to the late 18th century until the introduction of the Gilberts Act which advocated that workhouses should become poorhouses, run by poor law parish unions, to help only th e sick, the orphaned or the elderly. Joseph Townsend subsequently expressed his disapproval of this approach: and said that the workhouses operate like the figures which we set to scare the birds, till they have learnt first to despise them then to perch upon the objects of their terror. (Townsend 1788 cited in Spicker 1984, pg 10) The able-bodied poor could still claim outdoor relief but would be expected to find employment outside of the union workhouse, therefore poverty and poor relief problems became compounded further during a time of agricultural depression when wages were low and unemployment and population numbers were on the increase. By the early part of the 19th century the poor relief system was under significant strain as poor rates escalated, food prices were higher and the worlds first industrial society was spawned as industrialisation hit Britain. This was to be a period of rapid industrial advance and unprecedented urban growth; of major shifts in patterns of occupation (chiefly from agricultural to industrial and service) and of economic insecurity for many. (Kidd,1999; pg 4) Technological advancement moved into rural communities, and the agricultural labourer was replaced with more cost efficient machinery, such as horse powered threshing machines. This meant that agricultural workers and their families had little choice but to move to the more industrious towns and urban cities where wages were higher and there were more opportunities for work within factories, particularly in the textiles, transport and mining sectors. In reality, this optimistic view taken by those looking to escape the difficulties of the countryside and improve their standard of living would be faced with other prohibiting factors and subsequent poverty within the mass working class neighbourhoods would be harshly realised in various ways. Within the cities people were living in cheaply built, overcrowded terraced housing, which had inadequate sanitation and few amenities. Within the factories, conditions were no better as workers were subject to working unprotected around dangerous machinery, whilst working long hours for unduly low wages and receiving harsh punishments for non compliance. Similarly, employers could freely use child labour which they felt aided poor families by giving their children work from the age of five years upwards, much to the detriment of a childs education which was fated due to no enforced legislation being in place. In addition, there were increasingly instances of poor malnutrition that existed in families which was associated to the costly prices of food, therefore poor factory workers could usually only afford to buy rotten items. Taking into account all of these factors, the families of manual workers were always vulnerable to unemployment, sickness, old age or the death of the breadwinner, which reduced them to pauperism (Royle, 1997; pg 162) New Poor Law As population growth reached an unprecedented level, poor relief costs were also rising as more people were falling into a spiral of poverty and pauperism rather than benefiting from the increased wages and improved standard of living that optimists of the industrial revolution predicted. Politicians recognised that the current poor law system of 1601 needed to undergo considerable reform as there were clearly widespread frustrations on the back of what Malthus argued as providing encouragement to illegitimacy (Spicker et al 2007; pg 148) through the provision of family child allowance and that outdoor relief will diminish both the power and the will to save among the common people (Malthus cited in Kidd 1999; pg 21) inadvertently forcing more people towards poverty. Malthus subsequently concluded in saying that dependent poverty ought to be held disgraceful and the poor laws abolished. (Englander 1998; pg 9) Social reformer and laissez-faire economist Jeremy Bentham argued for a more disciplinary and corrective approach and believed in the primacy of the free competitive market in the solution of social problems. (Englander, 1998, pg 10) In 1832 in response to the pressures highlighted above a Royal Commission on the Poor Law was appointed, consisting of 9 members and several assistant commissioners ranging from economists to social reformers e.g. Edwin Chadwick. Their remit was to identify the flaws in the current poor relief system and make recommendations for a new, more cost efficient model for implementation. In the midst of this review, the first policy move against child labour occurred in the form of the Factory Act of 1833, whereby children younger than nine were not allowed to work, children were not permitted to work at night and the work day of youth under the age of 18 was limited to twelve hours. (INSERT SOURCE) After much assessment of fact and statistics in conjunction with the previous influential ideas portrayed by Malthus and Bentham the New Poor Law Report was published in 1834, that concluded the law itself was the cause of poverty. This led to the subsequent endorsement of the Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834 that focused on the ethos of instilling a work discipline whilst controlling the costs of poor relief (Pierson, 2009). In order to do this, the act placed its emphasis on putting the deterrent workhouse at its core with the guiding concept of less eligibility which would distinguish between the able-bodied pauper and the independent poor and automatically weed out the merely work- shy from the truly indigent (Brundage, 2002; pg 35). Consequently, the pauper would experience poorer conditions within the workhouse than the lowest living standards of an independent labourer. The workhouse would resemble the layout and mechanics of a correctional institution, comprising segregation (a mongst different classes), uniformity, tedious work, a controlling discipline and the bare minimum in food and accommodation. This it was hoped would ultimately deter the able bodied from applying for indoor relief in favour of finding employment to survive, whilst simultaneously improving the ethical nature of the indolent people it housed and to encourage their eventual liberation. The Act also proposed to abolish all outdoor relief, however this actually persisted to provide assistance up until the 1840s as there were insufficient workhouses built to house the inevitable increase in paupers who would not get help outside. Another key feature that remained was the guardians control of the stringent settlement laws which would help avoid a large influx of paupers from the rural villages, thus keeping costs for the urban tax payer at a manageable level. At the start of the Victorian era in 1837 the view on poverty remained as one of self responsibility and character, whereby the individual was considered responsible for his/her own actions and subsequent survival in life irrespective of the environment they were living in. This opinion gathered momentum as people continually failed to or were reluctant to find a job, thus leading to the increased dependency on the state and little or no inclination to save money as a means of supporting themselves through difficult circumstances and into their old age. This became exacerbated further by those who simply ventured down the path of petty crime, sexual immorality, idleness and insobriety, which were defects which could be overcome by discipline and new attitudes (Townsend, 1993; pg 97); and thus further supported the principles and establishment of the deterrent workhouse system. As the 1840s progressed; the guardians began to reduce the levels of outdoor relief being distributed to the able bodied poor. People were becoming shamed and increasingly aware that to be considered for relief they would be expected to perform some work tasks with a view to accessing employment, otherwise they would be faced with the harsh reality of having to enter the workhouse with their families. Subsequently, people began to recognise the emerging stigma attached to relief and would focus their efforts on finding work and other means of assistance before succumbing to the indignities of the Poor Law and the ultimate indignity of a pauper funeral (Alcock et al, 2008; pg 13). This was similarly echoed by Jeremy Bentham who argued that people did what was pleasant and would not do what was unpleasant so that if people were not to claim relief, it had to be unpleasant (Spicker, 2007; pg 148) At this time the severe measures and conditions within the workhouse system were receiving a barrage of criticism and opposition from the religious sector and workers unions which led to the review and further amendments of the Amendment Act, removing the harshest measures of the workhouses. The Andover workhouse scandal, where conditions in the Andover Union Workhouse were found to be inhumane and dangerous, prompted a government review and the abolishment of the Poor Law Commission, which was replaced with a Poor Law Board. In 1842 Edwin Chadwick wrote and published a report made the statement that sanitation After the influenza and typhoid epidemics in 1837 and 1838, Edwin Chadwick was asked by the government to carry out a new enquiry into sanitation. His report, The Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population was published in 1842. In the report Chadwick argued that disease was directly related to living conditions and that there was a desperate need for public health reform. Over 7,000 copies of the report was published and it helped create awareness of the need for government to take action in order to protect the lives of people living in Britains towns and cities. Sir Robert Peel and his Conservative administration were unwilling to support Chadwicks recommendations. A pressure group, the Health of Towns Association, was formed in an effort to persuade Peels government to take action. However, it was only after the 1847 General Election, when Lord John Russell became leader of a new Liberal government, that new legislation was introduced. In 1848 Parliament passed a Public Health Act that provided for the formation of a Central Board of Health. This new body had powers to create local boards to oversee street cleansing, refuse collection, water supply and sewerage systems Edwin Chadwick Sanitation Report (1842) Charitable/self help movement COS (1869) Slum clearance freeing up land for housing developers (1870) Charles Booth (class division/ income) / Seebohm Rowntree Sanitation/Environment studies Physical deterioration/health Boer War National fitness Committee on physical deterioration Settlement Houses to mix upper class in with poor communities Bibliography Alcock, C., Daly, G. and Griggs, E. (2008) Introducing Social Policy, 2nd ed., London: Longman Brundage, A. (2002) The English Poor Laws 1700-1930, Basingstoke: Palgrave Englander, D. (1998) Poverty and Poor Law Reform in 19th Century Britain, 1834-1914 From Chadwick to Booth, Harlow: Longman Kidd, A. (1999) State, Society and the Poor in Nineteenth-Century England,Basingstoke: Macmillan Royle, E. (1997) Modern Britain: A Social History 1750-1985, 2nd ed., London: Arnold Spicker, P. (1984) Stigma and Social Welfare, Kent: Croom Helm Spicker, P., Alvarez Leguizamon, S. and Gordon, D. (2007) Poverty: an international glossary, 2nd ed., London: Zed Townsend, P. (1993) The International Analysis of Poverty, London: Harvester Wheatsheaf

Lesson Learned in Organizational Leadership

Lesson Learned in Organizational Leadership Gong Chen Abstract This paper include an assessment of the organization Im currently working for with definitions of and detailed analysis on how that organization applies the lessons learned in the course, including fundamentals of leadership, organizational culture and climate, high performing teams, problem management and decision making, ethics and professional codes of conduct. This paper also includes an overall organization of document with an introduction, body and conclusion. Keywords: leadership, organizational culture, team, decision making, ethics Assessment of My Organization An Application of Lesson Learned in Organizational Leadership Organization Overview My organization (the firm in this article) is a multinational professional services firm headquartered in London, UK, Ernst Young (EY). EY is one of the largest professional services firm in the world and is one of the Big Four accounting firms. The organization operates as a network of member firms which are separate legal entities in individual countries. It has 231,000 employees in over 700 offices around 150 countries in the world. It provides assurance (including financial audit), tax, consulting and advisory services to companies. In 2016, Fortune magazine ranked EY as 49th of the 100 Best Companies to Work For, and in 2016, EY is the 11th largest privately owned organization in the United States. During my days working at the firm, I observed several concepts applied by the organization that are closely related what I have learned from this class so far. This paper will focus on and provide a detailed analysis of the following five major areas. Fundamentals of Leadership The firm understand that strong leadership is what required to achieve our ambition and fulfill our purposes. Professional with leadership traits at every level of firm are the keys to the change and growth. Specifically, there are four fundamental categories of leadership the firm had defined for our people business leadership, client leadership, team leadership, and personal leadership. In a firm that people culture was emphasized every day and everywhere, personal leadership is the most important trait among others. This means communicating with confidence, humility and integrity to build trust and support others, actively maintaining your personal well-being, energy and enthusiasm and exhibiting curiosity and self-awareness to adapt your behavior and connect in diverse contexts. As business leaders, they enhance our reputation and standing in the market through applying financial, operational, risk, sector and global insights to make business decisions in dynamic markets, leveraging the firms business development practices to responsibly achieve market leadership, collaborating widely within the firm and externally to bring new ideas. As a client leader, they ensure that our people are connected, responsive and insightful by bringing all of our clients with the right people in the right locations, building trust and enriching relationships, being proactive, visible and timely sharing our experiences and a point of view tailored to the clients, thereby advancing their thinking. As a team leader, they have a fundamental role in building and supporting the high-performing teams by articulating a bold, clear vision that engages and inspires everyone, selecting, respecting and developing a diverse mix of talent with the right skills at the right time, setting the high standards expected of our profession and enabling each individual and team to deliver quality results. On the other hand, in my opinion, even though there are plenty authoritative-type of leaders, the firm has leaders that are very different in leadership style. They tend to inspire other people, especially younger professionals to unleash their potential to achieve better. They also tend to identify others with purpose, building robust partnerships that enhance our impact and inspire those around them to see the bigger picture. Additionally, these leaders lead our professionals and serve the clients by leading inclusively and being open-minded for new perspectives that help us thinking creatively and lead to better answers. This will help solving our clients challenges and build trust and confidence in the industry. Even more, our leaders also achieve our purpose by making an impact in their careers beyond the firm and helping the industry to work better in businesses, communities and organizations across the globe. After all, leadership is about everyone at the firm, not just people at the top. However, as role models, it is important to lead by example and exemplify our leadership behaviors. High Performing Teams From my observation, high-performing teams at our firm demonstrates three kay characteristics common vision, balance, and quality results. Common vision means the team articulate a bold, clear vision that engages and inspires everyone. Balance means the team select, respect and develop a diverse mix of talents with the right skills at the right time. Quality results means the team sets high standards expected of our deliverables and enable each individual and team to deliver quality results. Specifically, there are five winning behaviors that are commonly observable drive consistent positive outcome and team experience. Trust is the foundation of a high performing, cohesive team. Trust is the confidence among team members that their intentions are good, and that there is no reason to be protective or careful around the group. Confront conflicts Teams that trust one another are comfortable debating key issues to produce the best possible solution. All opinions and ideas are put on the table and considered. By confronting conflicts, teams will solve problems efficiently, have lively, productive discussion, and utilize all opinions of all team members. Focus on results High-performing teams at the firm are able to set aside their individual goals and agendas and focus exclusively on the teams collective accomplishments. By focusing on results, teams could not only accomplish the results they set out to achieve, but also avoid distractions by making their results a priority and stay focused by clearly defining their targets and keeping them tangible. Accept accountability High-performing teams that commit to decisions and standards of performance hold one another accountable for adhering to those decisions and standards. Members of great teams are willing to challenge their peers on performance or behaviors. By accepting accountability, teams enhance alliance by setting high expectations for each other, expect team every member to deliver, and have low tolerance for mediocrity. Commitment This is a result of two things: clarity and buy-in. Clarity is the removal of assumptions and ambiguity from a task. Buy-in means taking the ownership of a task. By showing commitment, teams could establish clarity around direction and priorities, obtain buy-in from all team members, learn from mistakes, commit to deadlines, and move forward without hesitation. After all, this is the essence of the firms high-performing teams: the unique code that will enable us to achieve better and faster. Organization Culture and Climate Our culture and value define who we are we are people who demonstrate integrity, respect, and teaming; people with energy, enthusiasm, and the courage to lead; people who build relationships based on doing the right thing. In my opinion, our organization really focus on building a people culture. This is easily understandable considering were a professional service firm where people is the most significant asset. Therefore, for my organization, globalization and underlying demographic trends imply that competition to attract best people is raising sharply. Top employers are adapting to the trend by building globally experienced leadership and equipping their people with the skills to lead in the future. We aspire to have a leading people culture everywhere in the world. Creating an atmosphere that attracts and retains the finest minds and helps they thrive leads to better service for clients. We are focusing on inclusiveness, development, and engagement of our culture that enhance what is important to our clients and our people. The firm also focus on improving the teams capacity for collective action and aligning individuals motivations around high level missions, and a shared set of values that build commitment and inspire passion and creativity. Additionally, coaching and mentoring is always one of the top things for our organization. Internally, it is always important to help team members to find a sense of personal fulfilment from their missions. Externally, we were also encouraged to build collaborative relationship with other firms in the industry for mutual support. The organization also seek to build collaborative partnership with clients and the community. Problem Management Decision Making In this highly interconnected and competitive industry, the firm believes the ability to make the right decisions, at the right time, has become a core advantage. Our people are faced with constantly complex and multidimensional decisions.ÂÂ   We must be able to react to sudden shifts in the business environment, in real-time. The firm has invested a great amount of effort to improve our decision-making efficiency and level of insight to improve performance. First of all, the firm narrowed down some common challenges faced by our people in decision making. For instance, we were lacking confidence in making strategic decisions sometimes. We sometimes made decisions based on intuition and experience, spent too much time on mechanical tasks rather than analysis, and focused on unnecessary detail. We were expect to be adding more value through better use of leading indicators, conducting root cause analysis of issues, and linking strategy with resource allocation, planning and reporting. Therefore, the firm has been focusing on implementing a driver-based decision making process at every level. Most other processes out there include a discussion or even a listing of drivers. However, this conceptual listing does not typically build out the driver insights to a deep enough level to really drive decision-making. Our process emphasized drivers should be quantified, built into a mathematical model, with correlations among the drivers, enabling planning and root cause analysis at the driver level. Specifically, we developed a driver-based framework to evaluate each initiative on a consistent set of driver inputs. The driver methodology enabled comparison of driver assumptions for accuracy as well as a repeatable way of prioritizing initiatives. This could be demonstrated by a simple example. For instances, if a revenue target was missed, the driver-based analysis could help our reveals the roost causes. Revenue decline may be due to units, not price, and unit decline is due to smaller market size, but market share has exceeded plan. That means the firm is still growing share while maintaining price. In this case, our strategic focus should be whether the market size could recover. No matter what the answer is, we should always focus on generating high-performance share growth to maintain our revenue. On the contrary, if a revenue target was exceeded, the driver-based analysis could help us define the contributors. Units might be twice the projected number because the market size is three times the planned size, but market share is lagging plan despite aggressive discounting that has driven down net price. In this case, our strategic focus should be whether to invest more in this growing market. As this approach becoming more commonly used at the firm, we believe this is a very effective and suitable decision making method for us because drivers enable fact-based evaluations of business alternatives, as well as ability to run risk-specific scenarios. Additionally, drivers enable 1uantitative analysis to hone in on upside opportunity and downside risk at an actionable level. Ethics and Professional Codes of Conduct Our firm is one of the worlds most respected organizations, and were aiming to make us one of the best places to work. That reputation is the result of our professional skills, and integrity, embodied in our strong values and our Code of Conduct. As a public accounting firm, professional integrity is our greatest asset. Acting with integrity means complying with laws, regulations and standards that apply to our professional conduct. It also means complying with the firms policies and procedures, including competing for business, serving clients, documenting work and reporting hours and expenses accurately. Objectivity and independence are critical parts of making sure the investing public has confidence in our services. Failing to embody these values puts our professional reputation at risk. We embrace the rules and policies regarding professional independence. And we avoid activities that might have even the appearance of impropriety. Citations: Ernst Young. In Wikipedia. Retrieved March 23, 2017 from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_%26_Young Our people and culture. Ernst Young Global Limited, About us. Web. March 23, 2017. Retrieved from http://www.ey.com/us/en/about-us/our-people-and-culture/2020-vision_our-people-21st-century-workforce Our Value. Ernst Young Global Limited, About us. Web. March 23, 2017. Retrieved from http://www.ey.com/us/en/about-us/our-values Creating an ethical culture. By David Gebler. May 2006. Strategic Finance. Living Our Value. Ernst Young Global Limited. March 23, 2017. Code of Conduct. Ernst Young Global Limited. March 23, 2017.

H.R.Gigers Alien Essay -- Fim Movies

H.R.Giger's Alien "Hollywood's conception of extraterrestrial life was pretty much limited to either whimsical little green men or clumsy bug-eyed monsters. In a gritty future, Scott brought to life Swiss surrealist H.R.Giger's terrifying biomechanical beastie: an acid-bleeding, razor-toothed, overgrown cockroach with an ugly practice of gestating its offspring in human hosts†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Suddenly, space was a pretty scary place to be." (Schwarzbaum, 27) In 1979 an alien was born. Before 1979 the movie "Star Wars" showed the vastness of space where men and women fought among themselves for control of the universe. The aliens that were present in such movies were nothing more than secondary actors. These types of aliens were never truly frightening and the concept of extraterrestrial life as a threat to us was never believable. The movie "Aliens" presented a conception and perception of design of extraterrestrial life that was different from anything else. This movie introduced many revolutionary concepts; the two most prominent of these are the female heroine and the new design for a terrifying alien life form and its surroundings that gave a less perfect view of space. What makes the movie "Alien" so terrifying is the concept that life in outer space is pure evil. Before 1979, most movies portrayed aliens as friendly creature that came in peace and wanted to help humanity. This new Alien was so different and had revolutionary special effects; that the creation of an alien creature won an Oscar for "Best Achievement for Visual Effects" April14th, 1980. The creator and designer of the alien creature was H. R Giger, born in Born in Chur, Germany, 1940. H. R Giger’s revolutionary designs and the publishing of the book Giger’s "Necr... ...ective that is still being used in Science fiction movies today. Bibliography Internet Site www.hrgiger.com  © Copyright 1996, H.R.Giger Movies Alien: Directed by Ridley Scott. 20th century Fox, 1979 Planet of the Apes: Directed by Franklin J. Schanffner. 20th Century Fox, 1968 Star Wars: Directed by George Lucas. Lucas films Ltd, 1977 This Island Earth: Directed by Joseph M. Newman. Universal International Pictures, 1954 War of the Worlds: Directed by Byron Haskin and George Pal. Paramount Pictures, 1953 Magazines Entertainment Weekly, Lisa Schwarzbaum. Volume 3 Issue #454, October 1998 Books Bonnie J. Dow. Prime-Time Feminism Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1996 Clute, John. Science fiction : the illustrated encyclopedia. London; New York: Dorling Kindersley; Boston: Distributed by Houghton Mifflin, 1995.

American History Essays Boston Tea Party -- American America History

Boston Tea Party: A Fight for Freedom Imagine you are a merchant in Boston selling imported goods from England with a high tax on them, when three ships come in with 342 chests of tea without planning to pay the middleman tax. That's how it was for many merchants in Boston. The East India Tea Company went bankrupt due to the dropping rate of tea sales in America because of the increasing rate of smuggling. The government's lack of support, and the newly passed Tea Act, only kindled more resentment towards the British from the colonists. This finally resulted in approximately three groups of fifty men going aboard the three British ships and dumping the tea into the Boston Harbor. The Boston Tea Party was more an act towards self-government and displaying their rights rather a way to gain revenge at England. The West India Tea Company found themselves bankrupt due to the amount of smuggled tea America was buying. People were buying smuggled tea because it was so much cheaper than the tea England was forcing them to buy. The company's plan was to select three major cities in America to get rid of their competition. They would hire other handlers in Philadelphia, Charleston, and New York. By having the tea sold in America, they could avoid the high taxes of England. After they had eliminated their other competitors, they would charge much more for the tea that they were selling (Francis 1). When the colonists heard that the East India Company was selling tea to these cities, almost all of them were furious and wanted England to be aware of it. The patriots worried that they would start liking England because of the better tea prices (Maier 516). Soon tea was shipped to America for distribution to agents of the company, who ... ...me of need, and the passing of the Tea Act only created more resentment and created more resentment towards England. The citizens were feeling that they had no more rights left, and that England was completely taking over their new country so they acted in what has been called the Boston Tea Party. The colonists were outraged by the disrespect they were shown from England. It was only an act towards freedom, not revenge and should be treated as such. Works Cited Tyler, John. "The Boston Tea Party." (Online) Available http://aol/bostonteaparty.html "Boston Tea Party." Microsoft Encarta 96 Encyclopedia. Funk & Wagnall's Corporation, 1996. Maire, Pauline. "Boston Massacre." World Book Encyclopedia. 1982. Francis, Thomas. Liberty. New York: North American Printing Company, 1993. Fleming, Wyatt. "The Revolution." (Online) Avaialble http://usa.revolution/

Marginal images – the potentials and limitations.

What are the potencies and restrictions of the fringy image?Why do fringy images exist? Before the traditional signifier of the book emerged in manuscript signifier, thoughts and events were codified onto coils. Because they were one uninterrupted axial rotation of stuff it was necessary to make divisions between the text and the border was the most practical and aesthetically pleasing solution. Medieval bookmans would hold to warrant the text by manus in order to heighten the aesthetic quality. Books of Hours are a common illustration of both cloistered authorship and the fringy image. Their intent was to aid people ‘s day-to-day supplications ; frequently merely including the first lines of certain supplications, anthem and extracts from the Bible, in peculiar the Psalms. Although originally for members of the clergy and the cloistered community, the wealthier categories started commissioning them to better their position. Marguerite ‘s Hours is a peculiarly utile illustration – a cardinal image shows the three Magi at Bethlehem, one points to a star. In the border we see the frequenter kneeling outside the cardinal infinite, she can non come in as it is holy. Around are monkeys or babewyns ( this term covers all composite animals ) and they reflect the actions of those in the cardinal image. Camille discusses the beginning of their presence: in Gallic ape is le scorch, really near to le signe. Monkeys hence signify representation itself. Their presence besides pertains to the head of a courtier – neither a profane or sacred province of head reflects their life at tribunal. Marguerite is concentrating her attending on the holy infinite but is still in the & A ; lsquo ; carnival ‘ border. At first glimpse the fringy images seem incoherent following to the cardinal 1s. Camille suggests that the images were a verbal and ocular manner for elect audiences [ 1 ] . He besides explain s that borders merely became an country for art when text as a cue for address was replaced by text as a written papers for its ain interest. Fringy imagination became more of import due to this different usage of text – words needed to be recognised more easy taking to a decreased amplification of the initials. Camille suggests that the frequently amusing nature of the images originates from the large-scale production of the texts – errors were bound to happen and the illuminators took advantage of this. In the Ormesby Psalter, Camille shows that people & A ; lsquo ; enjoyed ambiguity ‘ [ 2 ] as it is easier to bask and esteem the sacred when it can be contrasted with the profane. For illustration, there is a nun in the Psalter who is used to stand for the deficiency of celibacy in monasticism. She should be like the Virgin Mary yet she suckles a monkey, the scorch, doing the image a monstrous mark of the nun ‘s human wickedness. Maps besides offer an penetration into fringy images and the positions of the people who commissioned them. Friedman explains that there are two types of map: the Noachid or T-O map, a cosmogonic and theological map of the universe with & A ; lsquo ; ethnological purpose ‘ [ 3 ] ; and Macrobian which is region-centred and concerned with clime, taking to & A ; lsquo ; utmost people in utmost topographic points ‘ [ 4 ] . In Noachid maps, Jerusalem is the theological and geographical Centre of the universe. In Freidman ‘s illustration, the Hereford map ( c.1290 ) Jesus is at the top, or East of the map. It is the same in the Ebstorf map ( c.1240 ) , caput in the East, hands in the North and South and Feet in the West. Both maps have a set of & A ; lsquo ; monstrous races ‘ clustered at the border ( s ) of the map – they about appear pushed at that place. In the Hereford map, there are some of these races in the North, they are held back by Alexander Ã¢â‚¬Ë œs Gate of Brass to & A ; lsquo ; forestall the dirty peoples from nearing the Centre in the same manner the Nile confines the Plinian [ southern ] races ‘ [ 5 ] . Macrobian maps are wholly different as they illustrate climatic differences including a conjectural 2nd temperate zone in the Antipodes ( opposite-footed or Southern part ) . This poses sever fringy and doctrinal jobs – the Antipodes was an country which had the possible to host temperate peoples merely like themselves in the West, yet how would they hold a impression of their Godhead, the Christian God while they remained strictly conjectural? This type of map projected a general thought that morality and the visual aspect of monstrous races were due to habitat. Friedman offers descriptions of the Plinian Races which in our eyes is about amusive. The term Plinian originates from Greek and Roman descriptions. Pliny, being a Stoic, oversimplified the races, increasing their restrictions of accurate description s of them. Over the centuries new races were created by dividing and uniting bing 1s – the mediaeval people enjoyed big Numberss of them. However there are immense restrictions in their representations: why did n't the overdone representations disappear when coevalss went at that place? Friedman suggests that there was a psychological demand, to exert their imaginativenesss, to advance the fright of the unknown to maintain people faithful. Another ground is that some of the races really existed – pigmies, matriarchal & A ; lsquo ; Amazon ‘ societies and the Amyctyrae, perchance based on the Ubangi tribal usage of lip-stretching. He besides says that the description of the sciapod may hold been due to the extraordinary airss of yoga. Such mistakes in perceptual experience lead to decrease in the potency of such images. Cohen looks in to the thought of the fright of the unknown in the signifier of the Donestre. It illustrates the misperception and the psychological demands of & A ; lsquo ; others ‘ . Medieval people were marginal obsessed with unusual people. The Donestre represents the & A ; lsquo ; other ‘ who can place with you but has the power to transform you into a portion of itself. & A ; lsquo ; The Donestre transubstantiates the adult male ‘ [ 6 ] . Such representations reinforce the thought that the profane being utilised to heighten the sacred. Anglo-saxon England contained a intercrossed people [ 7 ] – the Donestre became of a form of & A ; lsquo ; a organic structure that absorbs difference without wholly cut downing or absorbing it ‘ [ 8 ] , a utile tool to reflect their intercrossed society and themselves within it. Maps and monstrous races offer the restrictions of fringy images of the other – faraway races which were non encountered everyday. They are limited as the medieval people fabricated or misinterpreted many of them. They do hold some possible nevertheless, as they provide an penetration into the mediaeval projection of the other and their position of themselves, for case the fright of being like those races and utilizing themselves to show or reassure themselves of their high quality. Marginalised Hebrews are wholly different as they were the seeable other within society. Art is non a mirror of historical society but it can intercede for us. In fringy images, harmonizing to Strickland, they were legally-bound to be identifiable within the crowd, they are frequently shown have oning odd-shaped chapeaus. This differentiation was required as, unlike Muslims or monstrous races, Jews were non easy to separate on a strictly ocular footing. Rubin explores Christian representations of host profanation ; in most rhythms they originate from a Parisian image- typically a Jew persuades a Christian adult female to steal the host from Mass and convey it to him in exchange for a garment. The Jew ( s ) proceed to knife the host to prove it as the organic structure of Jesus. This presents jobs in itself ; Jews did non accept Jesus as their Messiah so why would they experience the demand to prove it? The host begins to shed blood after they stab it, as the organic structure of Chri st this echoes or repeats the crucifixion which happened at the custodies of the Jews. The desecrators so seek to destruct it by firing, boiling or concealing it. However an phantom of Christ in assorted signifiers will emerge taking to either the host being found or Christians walk in during the phantom. The Jews are normally converted by what they have witnessed. This is due to a new focal point on the Eucharist and liturgical jobs the fold faced – it was hard to understand transubstantiation. The clergy could utilize these images to demo that if even Jews could be converted it would be foolish non to believe in the true organic structure and blood of Christ. Even after the Jews in the narratives convert they would normally be punished or executed. Hebrews were capable to force and humiliation throughout the mediaeval period, Christian images reinforce this outlook. Strickland besides talks about a thirteenth-century image showing the narrative of Theophilus, a Christian churchman who outwitted the Devil. In the image, a papers is passed to the Devil by a Jew. His facial characteristics are no different to the Christian but his chapeau identifies him. This image pertains to the thought that this Jew acted as an intermediary between Theophilus and the Devil. The Jew appears affluent, possibly due to the wickedness of vigorish, beef uping the statement of his association to the Devil. It is clear that Christians used art to project a negative image of Jews. It makes us inquire why they tolerated their presence in their society if they were so repulsed by them. Although we do cognize that England sent all Jews into exile some old ages subsequently. For me the most interesting fringy art is that made by Jews within this mostly Christian society. Harmonizing to Epstein, the Jews were present in mundane society but did non absorb to the full, taking to involvement anomalousnesss in lighted manuscripts. He besides points out that there are three variables for the manuscripts: did Judaic creative persons illuminate them? Did Christian artists light them? Does it non matter which artist as the frequenter may non hold allowed any free reign? Epstein talks about the thought of following and accommodating which is what a Judaic illuminator would make – accommodating recognized Christian iconography to accommodate a Judaic intent in a elusive manner. If Christians were lighting so & amp ; lsquo ; mediaeval Judaic art ‘ can non be, as they would hold conformed to acceptable traditions as good. The statement in basically inconclusive: the fact that the text is Hebrew does n't govern out a Christian creative person in the same manner that stylistic similarities do n't govern out a Judaic 1. Why would a Christian agree to do art for a Judaic intent, particularly if it was an anti-Christian one? Did the Jews non gain Christian creative persons were enforcing their conventions on them or was it strictly assimilation? It is possible that the Christians did n't gain what they were painting due to them non reading Hebrew. It is really of import to gain that these images were created for a Judaic audience, that is why it is & A ; lsquo ; Judaic art ‘ . They were to the full cognizant of Christian modern-day art and their unpopularity in society, so possibly by conforming to traditions they could defy in a less open mode. Strauss argues that erudite Jews would be able to decode the symbolic linguistic communication created which would protect the community from Christian persecution. Epstein discusses the fabrication of the fox and the fish which promotes the thought of the weak get the better ofing the str ong & A ; lsquo ; If we are afraid in the component in which we live, how much more so should we be in the component in which we would decease! ‘ [ 9 ] Animal symbols in the borders are really interesting as they show what the marginalised parts of society do with their ain borders. The hare-hunter is really utile in footings of animate being symbolism. In Hebraism it is out to run so why would a Judaic adult male return place with a non-kosher hare? Epstein discusses the thought that it may hold come from a similarity between Hebrew and Jewish words – it is non intended to be an amusive mnemonic but an identifiable symbol of the Jews as the hare, the prey. It allows them to keep their positive self-perception, necessary since the flight from Egypt as they can utilize such images to parallel modern-day societal fortunes. To summarize Epstein positions on & A ; lsquo ; Judaic mediaeval art ‘ it seems it provided a safe blowhole to let go of choler, hidden behind th e non-vernacular Hebrew, choler about expatriate and persecution while looking to accept the state of affairs on the surface. By analyzing art as a safety valve it can assist us understand Judaic self-perception and their internalized positions as a Western Medieval minority. In decision it seems the art of these Jews seems to hold the most possible in footings of fringy art. That is to state it gives a personal and & A ; lsquo ; honest ‘ penetration into their ideas. The jobs or restrictions of all the other signifiers discussed in the essay are they come from one western position, projecting positions onto others which will ever restrict their authorization.BibliographyM. Camille, Image on the Edge: The Margins of Medieval Art, ( London: Reaktion Books, 1992 ) M. Camille, The Gothic Idol: Political orientation and Image-Making in Medieval Art, ( Cambridge: Up, 1989 ) J.B. Friedman, The Monstrous Race in Mediaeval Art and Thought, ( Cambridge: Mass, 1981 ) J.J. Cohen, Monsters, Cannibalism, and the Fragile Body in Early England, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.gwu.edu/~humsci/facpages/cannibal.html D.B. Strickland, Saracens, Demons, and Hebrews: Making Monsters in Medieval Art, ( Princeton: Up, 2003 ) M. Rubin, Gentile Tales, The Narrative Assault on Late Medieval Jews, ( Yale: Up, 1999 ) M.M. Epstein, Dreams of Subversion in Medieval Art and Literature, ( University Park, Pennsylvania: Up, 1997 ) [ 1 ] Camille p. 13 [ 2 ] Camille p. 28 [ 3 ] Friedman p. 42 [ 4 ] Friedman p. 42 [ 5 ] Friedman p. 45 [ 6 ] Cohen p. 2 [ 7 ] Cohen p. 3 [ 8 ] Cohen p. 3 [ 9 ] Epstein p. 9

Qantas Airlines Essay

Introduction Qantas Airlines, initially known as Queensland and Northern Territory Aerial Services Limited (QANTAS), was founded by two former war pilots, Wilmot Hudson Fysh and Paul McGinness, in 1920 at Queensland, Australia. Qantas is the flag carrier airline for Australia and it is the second oldest airlines in the world. Qantas Airlines headquarters is located in Mascot, Sydney, New South Wales with its major hub at Sydney Airport. The airline began with joy flights in 1920 and by 1922, they carried 871 passengers and logged 54,000 km without severe damage. It also began its airmail service between Charleville and Cloncurry which was their first ever to be scheduled in 1922. In 1935, Qantas operated its first international flight which was a regular four-day trip from Brisbane to Singapore. It has now become Australia’s largest domestic and international airlines with much development. Qantas started advertising via television. It was a television campaign which started in 1967 through a few decades with it targeting American citizens. The ad was a huge success as it was named as one of the greatest commercial of all times. The airlines also promoted its brand by sponsoring a handful of sports team. Qantas is the principal contributor of the â€Å"Qantas Wallabies†, Australia’s national Union Rugby team and the Formula One Australian Grand Prix. It also sponsors the Australian’s national association football team, Socceroos and recently made a deal with Cricket Australia to be the main backer of the Australian national cricket team. Qantas had become so significant that the government bought over it back in 1947 which is a year after the Australian Airlines was formed. Unfortunately, Australian Airlines had a major issue which led to Qantas b eing sold. Qantas was then privatised and since then it has continued to mature despite fighting financial crisis and global turndown for aviation. To regain profit, Qantas have produce subsidiaries such as Jetstar Airways which is Qantas’ low-cost carrier. CEO Alan Joyce was pleased to announce Qantas’ best profit ($250 mil.) since the global financial crisis in 2011, even though the airlines and the aviation suffered from some challenges. Despite everything, it is undeniable that Qantas is regarded as the world’s leading long distance airline and one of the strongest brands in Australia.