Privilege: Racism and Jim Crow Laws Essay

The essay â€Å"White Privilege and Male Privilege† written by Peggy McIntosh was enlightening and controversial. It was enlightening because she shows you how certain groups of people can have privilege over other different groups, and be unaware or in denial over it. Peggy’s story was controversial because it talked about the privilege that very few have the courage to talk about. The white and male privilege and the fact that it is looming over our heads as a society. Throughout history there’s a superior and inferior race and sex. The superior race is the white race, opposed to the African Americans who are considered the inferior. Additionally men are the superior sex opposed to women. Race is a sensitive subject when discussed due to the painful history of our country, most notably the plight of African Americans. African Americans have had a painful background of slavery and inequalities along with unjust rights they had to endure. They were not considered humans, but were property of their white slave owners. Racism has been social constructed for many decades. It is possible that the racial hierarchy can control many aspects of the human life. It can control what kind of jobs you receive, politics, media, insurance, and even your place of residence; this is reminiscent of the Jim Crow laws. Jim Crow laws were not only anti black laws but a way of life predominantly for southern people. The Jim Crow laws were constructed to keep African Americans from climbing higher on the social ladder. Education, transportation and work were kept at a bare minimum for African Americans. Under no means necessary was any African American to act as if they were equal to the white race. It ultimately controlled where they were allowed to go and what they were allowed to do. If for any reason this law was broken, consequences were normally enforced by physical force consequences for challenging whites and their authority. This was a way for the whites to maintain dominance and ensure the African Americans stayed at the bottom of the racial hierarchy. This was the cost for being born black. For being born into a society where your race was the ultimate factor in your social status, and rather than being born into a world of acceptance, you were born into a world of exile. This portrays in the United States the black and white color lines that have been imbedded into our minds and enforced due to the dominance of the white race for so long. Men also have advantages over women, especially politically. Even though times have changed and women are able to vote, men still are the dominating force in politics. Women have to fight longer, harder and be three times more qualified than a man to get some positions or to even qualify for jobs over a man. When some women are appointed higher positions over men they get criticized and sometimes even degraded because of it. Some men don’t even see or recognize when this occurs. Many white people are in denial of preconceived notions that they might have on a certain person or group because of their race. I myself have been a victim of racism at work. People choose to believe the color of your skin indicates your worth. Some expect you to fail and not succeed because of this. They expect you to meet the standard of the person they have seen on TV, in a movie, or on the radio. However, what they don’t realize is that these are stereotypes that the media portray of a certain group and that perception is not always accurate. They also take a bad experience with one individual, and deem an entire race that way. No one knows why we come in so many shades sizes and variations. However, we do know that the social concepts of race deprives from the history that one has come from. Race as well as the sex of a person was once used as a tactic of fear, fear that was instilled in a person to make them powerless and inferior to another race. Although many things have changed for the better in our society, racism and the sex of a person is still a dominate factor.

Personal Income Expense Statement and Budget Essay

2.1Personal income statementAnnual wages$75,000 Monthly Gross pay $6250 Federal Withholding $265 Social Security $238 Medicare $56 California State $149 Net Monthly pays$5,5422.2My estimated monthly budgetMy family comprises of three family members expenses, which is me, my wife, and our one year old son. We live in an apartment in California. Estimated monthly Expense Amount ($) Rent 950 Childcare 0 Food 500 Taxes 311 Gas 200 Electricity bill 90 Internet services & Phone services 50 Grocery 400 My school tuition 2250 clothing 30 Transportation, Car maintenance & Insurance 300 Emergency Fund contribution 70 Masters degree savings account contribution 100 Entertainment, Gym membership 100 Roth IRA 100 Miscellaneous 80 Total expenses 5,531 Net income gain 11 Detailed above are my income statement and my estimated monthly budget. As much as my budget is small, I always aim to maintain it at the manageable level to avoid drowning in debts and even making some savings according to my short term and long term goals. My annual salary is $75,000 which translates to monthly gross pay of $6250. There are other charges levied such as federal withdrawing, social security, Medicare and California state levies bringing my net pay to $5,542. According to Randal (2007), housing is the most expensive item in California State. With an annual salary of $75,000 before tax, considering purchasing a home is a bad idea. As much as buying a house is one of my long term goals, I plan budgeting and planning for it after getting a well paying job or after establishing my business and making it successful to cater for purchasing a home. Therefore, with my net monthly salary of $5542, I opted for $950 rent for my apartment for my family. This is the average rental prices in my neighborhood since it is safe and it is not also expensive. California State is a region that is hard getting around without a car and therefore transportation forms part of monthly budget. My 2007 Toyota corolla car is reliable and uses fuel efficiently estimated at $164 per month, even with the soaring gas prices. My car uses 1 gallon per 29 miles and I drive to work and school daily at an estimated distance of 20 miles each way, translating to 40 miles daily, and five times per week. With additional driving on weekend when going out for entertainment or even vacation, the estimated monthly driving is calculated below: 40 miles dailyÃâ€" 30 days per month= 1200 miles 1200 miles per month/29 miles per gallon=42 gallons of gas per month Cost per gallon $3.961 Ãâ€" 42= $164 I have a good driving record, combined with my car’s liability insurance costs of $30 per month and car maintenance, my monthly transport cost is estimated to be $300 With a family of three, food is major item in my budget. With $500 I am able to feed my family well because here in California, we have several regional markets competeing with the common super markets. Averagely in the regional markets, the goods prices are about 40%-60% cheaper compared to the chain markets and they carry many items needed in the house like snacks, cleaning supplies, tools and tooth pastes among others. I installed â€Å"naked DSL† for only DSL and this provides me with full internet connection services at $40 per month. Furthermore, I went for pre paid phone services from T-mobile at $10 per month. This brings my monthly expense for internet connection and phone service per month to be $50. Californian weather is always good all year round and generally electricity is low, estimated to be $90 from my past average electricity bill of five months. My apartments pay for water and trash services. Similarly, I do not consume much gas and therefore a budget of $200 is enough per month. Moreover, I do my monthly cloth shopping at Old Navy and sometimes at Ross since they provide discounts and their cloths are of quality. As part of my short term goals to live healthy lifestyle, I have enrolled in a nearby gymnasium for my workouts three times per week. Moreover, as part of my entertainment I go out for few movies, go for some camping trips and eat out occasionally. Moreover, I make good use of free places like the beaches for my entertainment and therefore, an estimated budget of $100 is enough. Planning for my retirement and having protection in future is also part of my long term goals. Similarly, setting aside emergency funds in a savings account to help in resolving emergency situations swiftly was part of plan. My estimated monthly budget has catered for savings in form of Roth IRA is $150 and emergency finds contribution is $70. Moreover, I also save for my Master’s degree education that I plan to pursue after my undergraduate studies wit $100 per month. Lastly, Childcare is free in California State and is sponsored by the state government and therefore is nil in budgets. I also pay my tuition fees of $2,250 per month for my studies. Lastly, I do budget for $80 for miscellaneous expenses in addition to taxes of $311 2b. Managing LiquidityPlan to manage financesCash management according to AAT (2013) refers to concentration, collection and disbursement. My plan to manage my cash balances in a manner that satisfies my budget, maximizes cash availability and avoid risks of debts 2b.1Types of accountsIn management of finances, I will use ING Direct since they will be providing me with online pay services, savings services and checking services. Furthermore, the will allow me to create sub- accounts so that I can make savings for specific goals. 2b. 2Tools and process in maintenance of budget each monthBecause they offer many services and tool, I will use ING Direct as my primary tool for budgeting. I will be setting aside some money in specific pools of sub accounts, transfer the money back and forth automatically, and set up automatic payment of bills. These tools provided by the ING Direct bank will allow me to manage my finances effectively. The process in which ii will use in maintenance of my budget is a step by step process as outlined below: I will first of all get an account with the ING Direct because it has online checking and access to savings in addition to pay bill. The second step will be to set up an automatic bill payment for my bills per month. This means that for every regular bill per month that I have, I will set up an automatic payment of bill for that particular bill so that I do not have to worry about paying it when it is due. This will be done by creating the specifying the date and amount to pay it, and payment will be made automatically on that regular date I will also create a sub- account for each saving goal and irregular bill. This one will be for the other bills that usually come after several months has passed and sometimes crunch the budget such as my car insurance and gas bill. Similarly, I will set up sub accounts for specific saving goals such as my emergency funds, my Masters’ degree education and long vacation to France after my graduation. For these I will create sub accounts to set aside some money so that when their bills come however big or small they are, I am ready. These sub accounts I will give them names to identify them as my distinct funds such as â€Å"emergency funds,† â€Å"Masters Degree funds,† â€Å"car insurance,† â€Å"Gas bill,† and â€Å"France Vacation.†From there, I will set up an automatic money transfer into these sub accounts My next step will be to pay the bills as they come. This will be done after setting everything well and only remains with the responsibility of paying the bills as they come in. I will be paying my bills by 5th every month. I will ensure that I am on top of the incoming bills so that I do not get fined for late payments. Since I will have set most of bill payments to be handled through automatic transfer, I will not have many things to deal with; therefore few bills every month will get my attention. The fifth and the last step that I will do is that I will apply for debit card from Electric Orange checking services of ING that also functions as a master card to centralize completely all my spending. The debit card will be useful for regular purchases of household things like groceries. All these tolls and process will create a centralized view of my day-to-day expenditure and also form the core of my budget. 2b. 3Analysis of the current monthly budgetAnalysis of my current monthly budget was done under personal income expenses and budget. From the analysis, my monthly gross pay is $6,250 and net monthly pay is $5,542. Moreover, my estimated total monthly expenditure is about $5,531 with a net gain of $11. 2b. 4How and why my cash flows impacts the overall goalsMy short term goals include Building emergency funds, get a job after my bachelors degree, to study masters after my graduation, go for a two week vacation in France, build my personal development goals, and fitness goals. On the other hand, my long term goals include having my own business, buying a luxury car for my family, buy a house, pay college education for my children, and save money for my retirement. My cash flows impacts my short term and long term goals significantly and in different ways. My estimated monthly budget caters and also considers my short term and long term goals hence impacting them positively. For instance, my estimated monthly budget has set aside $70 per month for emergency funds, $100 per month for my Masters’ degree, $100 per month for my entertainment and gym membership to satisfy the lifestyle short term goals. Lastly, retirement funds also have a share in my estimated monthly budget at $100 under Roth IRA. The contribution towards achievement or realization of the goals is underway through financial support. This is evident from my estimated monthly budget. Probably after completion of master’s degree, the kitty can be changed to â€Å"children college fees† to start saving the future college fees for my children 2c. Credit ManagementDevelop a budgetAccording to Bullivant (2010), a person who is in financial debt need to first conduct a realistic assessment of the amount of money they take in and their expenditure amount. I use different ways in management and usage of credit. First of all, when I have a debt, I list all my fixed expenses. These are expenses that are the same each and every month such as the insurance premiums, car payments, my tuition fees and rent. Next, I do list the varying expenses like the clothing, entertainment and groceries. Listing down of all my expenses including te insignificant ones is very essential in tracking down my spending patterns, prioritize the rest and in identification of the necessary expenses. The main goal of my first step in credit management of listing of expenses is to ensure that the basics are fully settled such as my education, insurance, food and housing Contacting the creditorsWhen I have a problem of paying the debts as agreed, I immediately contact the creditor and explain to them why it is difficult for me paying the debt on time. I then try to adjust and modify my payment plans to levels that are manageable Secured creditsIf I have secured loans such as car loan and I am unable to pay it on time, I will sell the security (the car) and settle the debt rather than waiting for the creditor to reposes the car and sell it at an added cost. Similarly, if it is a mortgage, I will contact my lender to avoid foreclose 2c. 2Development of debt reduction processes after graduationCredit counseling I will go for credit counseling in any reputable organization or financial institution for advice on management of debts and money, assist in budget development, and for free educational workshops and materials. These counselors who are trained and certified in budgeting, debt and money management, and consumer credit will discuss with me my financial situation, and to help me in develop a personalized plan for solving my money problems 2c. 3Appropriate uses of credit and debit cardsCredit cardsOnline shopping-when shopping online credit card is the safest option because the insurers of the credit cards watch for fraudulent charges. It can be reversed quickly if its detected by the holder while debit cards are not protected in some instances like cash payments When making large electronic purchases- they are convenient is large electronic purchases in addition to offering warranty protection When on a vacation or travelling-it is suitable when away from home and it also adds anti-fraud protection. Moreover, by using credit cards during travels one can get perks such as cash back on purchases, frequent flyer miles, and discounts on the rental cars. Lastly, they are convenient for travel companies, airlines and hotels II.Debit cardsFor immediate payments since transactions are simultaneous and is the fastest When finances on the budget are automated-this is suitable for luxury and personal purchases and the card holder can use it as much as they want so long as they are within the budget. The card cannot work no more and this is advantageous since overdraft fees will not be incurred If recovering from poor habits of financial management or watching the finances. This is because credit cards are bad for some people in money management or living within their means. For best foreign currency exchange rate-it offers the current wholesale exchange rate especially when a person travels to a foreign country. 2c. 4Credit scoreA credit score according to Weston (2012) is a numeric representation of a person’s credit history and ranges between 300 and 850. The factors that impacts credit score include: Payment history- late credit card payments of skipping damages credit score while payment of credit card balances and bills on time and in full results to higher score Outstanding debt- it is good to use 25% and below of the available credit. Moreover, the more credit cards a person has that have been maxed out, the lower the credit score (Rich, 2013). The length of time for building credit- a person with a longer history of credit has a higher credit rating The credit report number of inquiries- more credit report inquiries will show up from the number of times a person applies for loans or credit cards. A higher credit report inquiry is an indication that the person is struggling with debt even if they never got a loan or used the cards (Rich, 2013). How I check my your scoreI usually check my score from AnnualCreditReport.com once per year for free. The website asks series of questions ranging from personal information, state, questions related to my finances I also use Fair Isaac Corporation (FICO) website at MyFico.com Lastly, I also sometimes purchase my credit report from the credit Bureaus directly in USA which are Experian, Equifax and TransUnion. Importance of having good credit scoreGood credit score makes it possible for banks to issue debit or credit cards, stores to accept checks and companies to manage their operations (Servigny & Renault, 2004). 2d. Tax ManagementThe applicable taxes to me as a married person with one child filling a joint tax forms are listed below Federal tax. 25% State tax. 7.5% Income tax 6% Social security tax. 6.2% Medicare tax. 1.45% Taxes in California State and United States vary and are categorized into different brackets. The tax brackets include age, single, head of household, married and pay tax separately or married and pay tax jointly. With my annual salary of $75,000, married with one child and paying tax jointly with my wife, I pay federal tax of 25% and income tax of 6%. However, the state tax, social security tax and Medicare tax are fixed in California state and cut across every citizen of all ages, whether married or not. The taxes from my income take a large percentage from budget annually and this also hampers my investments progress and my economic plans. My budget has incorporated some of my long-term and short term goals and I am forced to contribute minimal amounts because of the obligated taxes according to the law. 2d. 2Incorporating tax strategy into budget and financial goalsBuying and holding- a person is liable to pay tax on managed funds or shares held for one year or less at the regular rate of income tax. However, holding the assets for more than 12 months receives a discount on the capital gain of up to 50% Using tax efficient funds- making investment on funds like index funds which has low turnover ca reduce the liability of capital gains, and improves a person’s after tax returns Investing in retirement plans- a person can make contributions from their pre-tax salary so that the money is taxed at a very low concessional rate instead of marginal tax rate (Broomberg, 2013). ReferencesAssociation of Accounting Technicians. (2013). Cash management. London: BPP Learning Media Ltd. Broomberg, E. B. (2013). Tax strategy. Durban: Butterworths. Bullivant, G. (2010). Credit management. Farnham, Surrey, England: Gower. Randal O’Toole (2007). Why California Home Prices are So High. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/why-california-home-prices-are-so-high. [Last Accessed 21th October 2014]. Rich, J. (2013). Improve and increase your credit score: Credit management strategies that will save you thousands. New York: Entrepreneur Press. Servigny, A. ., & Renault, O. (2004). Measuring and managing credit risk. New York: McGraw-Hill. Weston, L. P. (2012). Your credit score: How to improve the 3-digit number that shapes your financial future. Upper Saddle River, N.J: FT Press. Source document

Bone dissection Essay

The skeletal system is made up of cartilage and bone. Both bone and cartilage are connective tissues, that is, they are composed of cells in a matrix with intracellular fibers. Just imagine connective tissue as a gelatin salad with grapes and coconut. The grapes would represent cells, the gelatin the support material for matrix, and the pieces of coconut the intracellular fibers. By changing the amounts of each ingredient and adding extra substances, we can produce a material that is very hard like bone and can withstand weight or softer like cartilage which can be used as a cushioning material. In this exercise, we will examine a fresh raw chicken bone to study bone structure. Materials Note: To complete both experiments, you will need two raw chicken bones. Each experiment requires a separate bone. Fresh chicken leg bone Knife Procedure 1. Carefully remove the skin and muscles from the bone as you do this, note the way that muscles are attached.. 2. Split the bone lengthwise. 3. Examine the bone and locate the following structures: a. Tendon – Examine the attachment of the muscles to bone. In most cases, the long ropelike attachment is a tendon and is composed of dense regular connective tissue. b. Periosteum This thin membrane covers the outside of the bone. c. Articular cartilage Note this thin layer of cartilage covering the epiphysis. d. Marrow cavity This hollow cavity in the diaphysis of the bone is lines with a thin membrane called the endosteum. e. Spongy bone This type of bone is located in the ends or epiphyses of the bone and appears to be open with small spicules or bars. f. Compact bone Makes up the shaft or diaphysis of the bone. Questions 1. How does spongy bone differ from compact bone? What differences did you see in the appearance of the spongy bone and compact bone? What color was the spongy bone? 2. How does cartilage differ from bone? How did each one feel when pierced with the knife? 3. How did the periosteum and endosteum differ in thickness? 4. Was the bone marrow yellow, red, green or blue? 5. What type of cartilage makes up the articular cartilage? 6. How did the articular cartilage differ in appearance from the spongy bone? 7. What color was the tendon? What substance gives it strength? 8. How did the raw bone differ in appearance from the baked bone in the other experiment? Note: Chicken may be contaminated with Salmonella. Wear gloves when possible during handling and wash hands thoroughly at the conclusion of your work!! Note: There are questions that will tell me if you did the dissection as I asked. If you miss these questions, you will receive no credit for the dissection.

Economic Impact of the Cocoa Industry Case Study

Economic Impact of the Cocoa Industry - Case Study Example It lies between Liberia and Ghana and borders the North Atlantic Ocean. Other neighboring countries are Mali and Burkina Faso in the north, Guinea in the east, and the Gulf of Guinea in the south. (Central Intelligence Agency) Its principal city is Abidjan, which is the economic and political capital of the country. Yamoussoukro is its official capital city. (Bureau of African affairs) Ivory coast plays a major role in the economic and political stability of the whole of Western Africa, with people from poorer neighboring countries relying on it to provide employment.Felix Houphouet-Boigny was the main political figure leading the rebuilding of the country after the World War II. Consequently, he became the country’s president after it achieved independence in 1960. He motioned for the improvement of the conditions of the African farmers and other laborers. He believed that the path to African harmony was through gradual economic and political cooperation, recognizing the prin ciple of laissez faire in the internal relationships. The country began to prosper with the help and cooperation given by France. Up to now, France remains as one of the major markets of the country. In the 1980s the country's economy began to suffer as the population began to grow. This caused the decline in the county’s standard of living. â€Å"A failed coup in September 2002 left Cote d’Ivoire divided between a rebel-held north and government-controlled south transforming the country from a regional economic miracle to a conflict hot-spot.†Ã¢â‚¬  (IRIN) Today, the Ivory Coast is struggling to maintain economic and political vitality. Ivorian Economy Since the colonial period, the Ivorian economy is chiefly market based and depends a lot on the agricultural sector. Together with forestry, and fisheries, the three sectors account for a considerable part of the country’s Gross Domestic Product and of exports. â€Å"Almost 70% of the Ivorian people are involved in agricultural activity in one way or the other† (Cote d'Ivoire). As a result, the country’s economy fluctuates from time to time, depending on the international prices of its agricultural products, and productivity according to whether conditions. Its main products and exports are cocoa beans, coffee, and palm oil. Other principal exports are banana, cotton, pineapple, tuna, rubber, and tropical woods. Table 1 shows the ups and downs in Ivory Coast’s economy from 1980 up to 2005. Table 1 Gross Domestic Product and Dollar exchange rate of Ivory Coast from 1980 to 2005 (International Monetary Fund) Year Gross Domestic Product US Dollar Exchange 1980 2,121,163 211.27 Francs 1985 3,077,900 449.26 Francs 1990 2,939,400 272.26 Francs 1995 5,490,706 499.10 Francs 2000 7,416,793 709.87 Francs 2005 8,532,387 526.56 Francs Year 1990 has the lowest GDP although the CFA stands strong against the American Dollar. There was no drastic change in the economy until 1990. In the succeeding years, there was noticeable increase in the country’s GDP, but the country’s currency value decreased. Increase in GDP may be due to the country’s oil produce. On the other hand, the slump of CFA Franc in 2000 is largely caused by loss of foreign investors and decrease in agricultural profit due to the civil war. â€Å"To reduce the economic fluctuations caused by price variability, the government encourages diversification in export and intermediate processing of cocoa beans†. (Bureau of African affairs) â€Å"Despite attempts by the government to diversify the economy, it is still largely dependent on agriculture and related activities, which engage roughly 68% of the population†. (Wikimedia Foundation Inc.) The government continues to be optimistic that the

Orientation Phase of Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 17

Orientation Phase of Nursing - Essay Example The stages of interpersonal relationships were initially four that include orientation, identification, exploitation, and resolution phases. However, the steps later reduced to three after further studies and analysis. The second phase now combined both the identification and exploitation phases. These two aspects combined, therefore, became known collectively as the working phase. This paper, however, only discusses the orientation phase. This is the first phase of the interpersonal process as was explained by Peplau. It is at this stage where the patient first meets the nurse. At this point, the nurse and patient are still total strangers. This first meeting always brings with it a lot of anxieties, from both the nurse and the patient. It is the nurse’s responsibility to alleviate the anxiety that grips them before proceeding any further (Boyd, 2007). This is important in establishing a therapeutic environment. Mary Boyd states that this is the session where the nurse discusses the patient’s expectations and explains the purpose of their relationship. It gives a clear definition of the roles, goals, and limitations of the relationship. In short, the nurse sets limits that have to adhere to throughout the relationship. The boundaries are however subject to flexibility depending on the situation. In practical situations where the nurse has to draft a session attendance schedule for the patient, the nurse should also spell out the guidelines on how to handle cases of missed sessions and lateness.  Ã‚   The handling should be in such a way that it alienates the patient. The nurse should understand that this could be a means by which the patient tests the relationship (Boyd, 2007). It is important to gain the patient’s acceptance and develop trust. This is achieved by maintaining consistency and continually encouraging the patient, both verbally and non-verbally, to express themselves.

Determining Your perfect Position Research Paper - 1

Determining Your perfect Position - Research Paper Example This research will begin with the statement that perfect position would be as such that asks to manifest yourself in the leadership role where you could oversee work without actually doing anything. This would mean that the managers would report and tell what is going on in the workplace but it would not in any way ask me to go out and look at how employees would be doing their tasks and processes. The strengths and weaknesses of the leadership style areas such that he would be soft natured but would not tolerate any misgivings at the workplace. The researcher remains staunch about the work domains that come about under the organizational tenets. He would always make it a point to remain steadfast about his resources and the employees who are there within the workplace realms. He would keep them abreast of the changes that are taking place on an organizational level and would not worry about taking a risk every now and then. The strengths that would embody the basis of the researcher ’s leadership would comprise of my strong adherence to guidelines and rules that have been made in the organization his the weaknesses would be that the author would be sensitive to emotions and sentiments of individuals working in the organization. Hence the researcher believes this would be his perfect position because it would offer him a chance to showcase who he is and what he wants to do when he becomes a leader.

Law Enforcers in a High Crime Area Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Law Enforcers in a High Crime Area - Essay Example The scope of a plain-view search is limited to asking for the drivers' license, car registration, and insurance details. The two elements of an abandoned property for the Fourth Amendment purposes include: first, any evidence showing that the owner has clearly forfeited the rights to the property in question; and secondly, an act that shows that the owner has intentionally relinquished ownership of it. Biek (2007) pointed out that clear evidence must be available to show that the property owner has no intention to claim the property in future. Any evidence is deemed sufficient provided the property is derelict and free for anyone to make claims for its ownership and or use. However, inaction or failure to develop or renovate a property does not amount to the abandonment of the property, regardless of the length of time in which the property has been left idle. A property owner’s decision to abandon his or her asset may be supported by clear words to that effect or its abandonm ent for easy access, and use by others. The span of time would, therefore, be I, therefore, ough time is not a factor in property abandonment (Biek, 2007). Linda (2000) argued that unprovoked flight from law enforcers in a high crime area provides adequate grounds for reasonable suspicion that validates an investigatory stop. Most of the persons, who the ee from officers in high-crime areas, are usually found with contraband, which they seek to destroy or hide from police officers in the flight, in order to avoid prosecution. For example in Terry vs. Ohio, police officers lawfully stopped the defendant from fleeing, and on carrying out a plain-view search led to the discovery of marijuana on him. This led to his arrest and prosecution. According to Rushin (2011), a police stop is a temporary denial of movement of an individual while a plain-view search is underway on grounds of reasonable suspicion for an offense.